Theory Algebraic_Numbers_Pre_Impl
section ‹Algebraic Numbers -- Preliminary Implementation›
text ‹This theory gathers some preliminary results to implement algebraic numbers,
e.g., it defines an invariant to have unique representing polynomials and shows
that polynomials for unary minus and inversion preserve this invariant.›
theory Algebraic_Numbers_Pre_Impl
imports
"Abstract-Rewriting.SN_Order_Carrier"
Deriving.Compare_Rat
Deriving.Compare_Real
Jordan_Normal_Form.Gauss_Jordan_IArray_Impl
Algebraic_Numbers
Sturm_Rat
Factors_of_Int_Poly
Min_Int_Poly
begin
text ‹For algebraic numbers, it turned out that @{const gcd_int_poly} is not
preferable to the default implementation of @{const gcd}, which just implements
Collin's primitive remainder sequence.›
declare gcd_int_poly_code[code_unfold del]
lemma ex1_imp_Collect_singleton: "(∃!x. P x) ∧ P x ⟷ Collect P = {x}"
proof(intro iffI conjI, unfold conj_imp_eq_imp_imp)
assume "Ex1 P" "P x" then show "Collect P = {x}" by blast
next
assume Px: "Collect P = {x}"
then have "P y ⟷ x = y" for y by auto
then show "Ex1 P" by auto
from Px show "P x" by auto
qed
lemma ex1_Collect_singleton[consumes 2]:
assumes "∃!x. P x" and "P x" and "Collect P = {x} ⟹ thesis" shows thesis
by (rule assms(3), subst ex1_imp_Collect_singleton[symmetric], insert assms(1,2), auto)
lemma ex1_iff_Collect_singleton: "P x ⟹ (∃!x. P x) ⟷ Collect P = {x}"
by (subst ex1_imp_Collect_singleton[symmetric], auto)
context
fixes f
assumes bij: "bij f"
begin
lemma bij_imp_ex1_iff: "(∃!x. P (f x)) ⟷ (∃!y. P y)" (is "?l = ?r")
proof (intro iffI)
assume l: ?l
then obtain x where "P (f x)" by auto
with l have *: "{x} = Collect (P o f)" by auto
also have "f ` … = {y. P (f (Hilbert_Choice.inv f y))}" using bij_image_Collect_eq[OF bij] by auto
also have "… = {y. P y}"
proof-
have "f (Hilbert_Choice.inv f y) = y" for y by (meson bij bij_inv_eq_iff)
then show ?thesis by simp
qed
finally have "Collect P = {f x}" by auto
then show ?r by (fold ex1_imp_Collect_singleton, auto)
next
assume r: ?r
then obtain y where "P y" by auto
with r have "{y} = Collect P" by auto
also have "Hilbert_Choice.inv f ` … = Collect (P ∘ f)"
using bij_image_Collect_eq[OF bij_imp_bij_inv[OF bij]] bij by (auto simp: inv_inv_eq)
finally have "Collect (P o f) = {Hilbert_Choice.inv f y}" by (simp add: o_def)
then show ?l by (fold ex1_imp_Collect_singleton, auto)
qed
lemma bij_ex1_imp_the_shift:
assumes ex1: "∃!y. P y" shows "(THE x. P (f x)) = Hilbert_Choice.inv f (THE y. P y)" (is "?l = ?r")
proof-
from ex1 have "P (THE y. P y)" by (rule the1I2)
moreover from ex1[folded bij_imp_ex1_iff] have "P (f (THE x. P (f x)))" by (rule the1I2)
ultimately have "(THE y. P y) = f (THE x. P (f x))" using ex1 by auto
also have "Hilbert_Choice.inv f … = (THE x. P (f x))" using bij by (simp add: bij_is_inj)
finally show "?l = ?r" by auto
qed
lemma bij_imp_Collect_image: "{x. P (f x)} = Hilbert_Choice.inv f ` {y. P y}" (is "?l = ?g ` _")
proof-
have "?l = ?g ` f ` ?l" by (simp add: image_comp inv_o_cancel[OF bij_is_inj[OF bij]])
also have "f ` ?l = {f x | x. P (f x)}" by auto
also have "… = {y. P y}" by (metis bij bij_iff)
finally show ?thesis.
qed
lemma bij_imp_card_image: "card (f ` X) = card X"
by (metis bij bij_iff card.infinite finite_imageD inj_onI inj_on_iff_eq_card)
end
definition poly_cond :: "int poly ⇒ bool" where
"poly_cond p = (lead_coeff p > 0 ∧ irreducible p)"
lemma poly_condI[intro]:
assumes "lead_coeff p > 0" and "irreducible p" shows "poly_cond p" using assms by (auto simp: poly_cond_def)
lemma poly_condD:
assumes "poly_cond p"
shows "irreducible p" and "lead_coeff p > 0" and "root_free p" and "square_free p" and "p ≠ 0"
using assms unfolding poly_cond_def using irreducible_root_free irreducible_imp_square_free cf_pos_def by auto
lemma poly_condE[elim]:
assumes "poly_cond p"
and "irreducible p ⟹ lead_coeff p > 0 ⟹ root_free p ⟹ square_free p ⟹ p ≠ 0 ⟹ thesis"
shows thesis
using assms by (auto dest:poly_condD)
lemma poly_cond_abs_int_poly[simp]: "irreducible p ⟹ poly_cond (abs_int_poly p)"
unfolding poly_cond_def by (cases "p = 0", auto)
definition poly_uminus_abs :: "int poly ⇒ int poly" where
"poly_uminus_abs p = abs_int_poly (poly_uminus p)"
lemma irreducible_poly_uminus[simp]: "irreducible p ⟹ irreducible (poly_uminus (p :: int poly))"
proof (cases "degree p = 0")
case True
from degree0_coeffs[OF this]
obtain a where p: "p = [:a:]" by auto
have "poly_uminus p = p" unfolding p by (cases "a = 0", auto)
thus "irreducible p ⟹ irreducible (poly_uminus p)" by auto
next
case False
from poly_uminus_irreducible[OF _ this]
show "irreducible p ⟹ irreducible (poly_uminus p)" .
qed
lemma irreducible_poly_uminus_abs[simp]: "irreducible p ⟹ irreducible (poly_uminus_abs p)"
unfolding poly_uminus_abs_def using irreducible_poly_uminus[of p] by auto
lemma poly_cond_poly_uminus_abs[simp]: "poly_cond p ⟹ poly_cond (poly_uminus_abs p)"
by (auto simp: poly_cond_def, unfold poly_uminus_abs_def, subst pos_poly_abs_poly, auto)
lemma ipoly_poly_uminus_abs_zero[simp]: "ipoly (poly_uminus_abs p) (x :: 'a :: idom) = 0 ⟷ ipoly p (-x) = 0"
unfolding poly_uminus_abs_def by simp
lemma degree_poly_uminus_abs[simp]: "degree (poly_uminus_abs p) = degree p"
unfolding poly_uminus_abs_def by auto
definition poly_inverse :: "int poly ⇒ int poly" where
"poly_inverse p = abs_int_poly (reflect_poly p)"
lemma irreducible_poly_inverse[simp]: "coeff p 0 ≠ 0 ⟹ irreducible p ⟹ irreducible (poly_inverse p)"
unfolding poly_inverse_def by (auto simp: irreducible_reflect_poly)
lemma degree_poly_inverse[simp]: "coeff p 0 ≠ 0 ⟹ degree (poly_inverse p) = degree p"
unfolding poly_inverse_def by auto
lemma ipoly_poly_inverse[simp]: assumes "coeff p 0 ≠ 0"
shows "ipoly (poly_inverse p) (x :: 'a :: field_char_0) = 0 ⟷ ipoly p (inverse x) = 0"
unfolding poly_inverse_def ipoly_abs_int_poly_eq_zero_iff
proof (cases "x = 0")
case False
thus "(ipoly (reflect_poly p) x = 0) = (ipoly p (inverse x) = 0)"
by (subst ipoly_reflect_poly, auto)
next
case True
show "(ipoly (reflect_poly p) x = 0) = (ipoly p (inverse x) = 0)" unfolding True using assms by (auto simp: poly_0_coeff_0)
qed
lemma ipoly_roots_finite: "p ≠ 0 ⟹ finite {x :: 'a :: {idom, ring_char_0}. ipoly p x = 0}"
by (rule poly_roots_finite, simp)
lemma root_sign_change: assumes
p0: "poly (p::real poly) x = 0" and
pd_ne0: "poly (pderiv p) x ≠ 0"
obtains d where
"0 < d"
"sgn (poly p (x - d)) ≠ sgn (poly p (x + d))"
"sgn (poly p (x - d)) ≠ 0"
"0 ≠ sgn (poly p (x + d))"
"∀ d' > 0. d' ≤ d ⟶ sgn (poly p (x + d')) = sgn (poly p (x + d)) ∧ sgn (poly p (x - d')) = sgn (poly p (x - d))"
proof -
assume a:"(⋀d. 0 < d ⟹
sgn (poly p (x - d)) ≠ sgn (poly p (x + d)) ⟹
sgn (poly p (x - d)) ≠ 0 ⟹
0 ≠ sgn (poly p (x + d)) ⟹
∀d'>0. d' ≤ d ⟶
sgn (poly p (x + d')) = sgn (poly p (x + d)) ∧ sgn (poly p (x - d')) = sgn (poly p (x - d)) ⟹
thesis)"
from pd_ne0 consider "poly (pderiv p) x > 0" | "poly (pderiv p) x < 0" by linarith
thus ?thesis proof(cases)
case 1
obtain d1 where d1:"⋀h. 0<h ⟹ h < d1 ⟹ poly p (x - h) < 0" "d1 > 0"
using DERIV_pos_inc_left[OF poly_DERIV 1] p0 by auto
obtain d2 where d2:"⋀h. 0<h ⟹ h < d2 ⟹ poly p (x + h) > 0" "d2 > 0"
using DERIV_pos_inc_right[OF poly_DERIV 1] p0 by auto
have g0:"0 < (min d1 d2) / 2" using d1 d2 by auto
hence m1:"min d1 d2 / 2 < d1" and m2:"min d1 d2 / 2 < d2" by auto
{ fix d
assume a1:"0 < d" and a2:"d < min d1 d2"
have "sgn (poly p (x - d)) = -1" "sgn (poly p (x + d)) = 1"
using d1(1)[OF a1] d2(1)[OF a1] a2 by auto
} note d=this
show ?thesis by(rule a[OF g0];insert d g0 m1 m2, simp)
next
case 2
obtain d1 where d1:"⋀h. 0<h ⟹ h < d1 ⟹ poly p (x - h) > 0" "d1 > 0"
using DERIV_neg_dec_left[OF poly_DERIV 2] p0 by auto
obtain d2 where d2:"⋀h. 0<h ⟹ h < d2 ⟹ poly p (x + h) < 0" "d2 > 0"
using DERIV_neg_dec_right[OF poly_DERIV 2] p0 by auto
have g0:"0 < (min d1 d2) / 2" using d1 d2 by auto
hence m1:"min d1 d2 / 2 < d1" and m2:"min d1 d2 / 2 < d2" by auto
{ fix d
assume a1:"0 < d" and a2:"d < min d1 d2"
have "sgn (poly p (x - d)) = 1" "sgn (poly p (x + d)) = -1"
using d1(1)[OF a1] d2(1)[OF a1] a2 by auto
} note d=this
show ?thesis by(rule a[OF g0];insert d g0 m1 m2, simp)
qed
qed
lemma gt_rat_sign_change_square_free:
assumes ur: "∃! x. root_cond plr x"
and plr[simp]: "plr = (p,l,r)"
and sf: "square_free p" and in_interval: "l ≤ y" "y ≤ r"
and py0: "ipoly p y ≠ 0" and pr0: "ipoly p r ≠ 0"
shows "(sgn (ipoly p y) = sgn (ipoly p r)) = (of_rat y > (THE x. root_cond plr x))" (is "?gt = _")
proof (rule ccontr)
define ur where "ur = (THE x. root_cond plr x)"
assume "¬ ?thesis"
hence "?gt ≠ (real_of_rat y > ur)" unfolding ur_def by auto
note a = this[unfolded plr]
from py0 have "p ≠ 0" unfolding irreducible_def by auto
hence p0_real: "real_of_int_poly p ≠ (0::real poly)" by auto
let ?p = "real_of_int_poly p"
let ?r = real_of_rat
from in_interval have in':"?r l ≤ ?r y" "?r y ≤ ?r r" unfolding of_rat_less_eq by auto
from sf square_free_of_int_poly[of p] square_free_rsquarefree
have rsf:"rsquarefree ?p" by auto
from ur have "root_cond plr ur" by (metis ur_def theI')
note urD = this[unfolded root_cond_def plr split] this[unfolded plr]
have ur3:"poly ?p ur = 0" using urD by auto
from urD have "ur ≤ of_rat r" by auto
moreover
from pr0 have "ipoly p (real_of_rat r) ≠ 0" by auto
with ur3 have "real_of_rat r ≠ ur" by force
ultimately have "ur < ?r r" by auto
hence ur2: "0 < ?r r - ur" by linarith
from rsquarefree_roots rsf ur3
have pd_nonz:"poly (pderiv ?p) ur ≠ 0" by auto
obtain d where d':"⋀d'. d'>0 ⟹ d' ≤ d ⟹
sgn (poly ?p (ur + d')) = sgn (poly ?p (ur + d)) ∧
sgn (poly ?p (ur - d')) = sgn (poly ?p (ur - d))"
"sgn (poly ?p (ur - d)) ≠ sgn (poly ?p (ur + d))"
"sgn (poly ?p (ur + d)) ≠ 0"
and d_ge_0:"d > 0"
by (metis root_sign_change[OF ur3 pd_nonz])
have sr:"sgn (poly ?p (ur + d)) = sgn (poly ?p (?r r))"
proof (cases "?r r - ur ≤ d")
case True show ?thesis using d'(1)[OF ur2 True] by auto
next
case False hence less:"ur + d < ?r r" by auto
show ?thesis
proof(rule no_roots_inbetween_imp_same_sign[OF less,rule_format],goal_cases)
case (1 x)
from ur 1 d_ge_0 have ran: "real_of_rat l ≤ x" "x ≤ real_of_rat r" using urD by auto
from 1 d_ge_0 have "ur ≠ x" by auto
with ur urD have "¬ root_cond (p,l,r) x" by (auto simp: root_cond_def)
with ran show ?case by (auto simp: root_cond_def)
qed
qed
consider "?r l < ur - d" "?r l < ur" | "0 < ur - ?r l" "ur - ?r l ≤ d" | "ur = ?r l"
using urD by argo
hence sl:"sgn (poly ?p (ur - d)) = sgn (poly ?p (?r l)) ∨ 0 = sgn (poly ?p (?r l))"
proof (cases)
case 1
have "sgn (poly ?p (?r l)) = sgn (poly ?p (ur - d))"
proof(rule no_roots_inbetween_imp_same_sign[OF 1(1),rule_format],goal_cases)
case (1 x)
from ur 1 d_ge_0 urD have ran: "real_of_rat l ≤ x" "x ≤ real_of_rat r" by auto
from 1 d_ge_0 have "ur ≠ x" by auto
with ur urD have "¬ root_cond (p,l,r) x" by (auto simp: root_cond_def)
with ran show ?case by (auto simp: root_cond_def)
qed
thus ?thesis by auto
next
case 2 show ?thesis using d'(1)[OF 2] by simp
qed (insert ur3,simp)
have diff_sign: "sgn (ipoly p l) ≠ sgn (ipoly p r)"
using d'(2-) sr sl real_of_rat_sgn by auto
have ur':"⋀x. real_of_rat l ≤ x ∧ x ≤ real_of_rat y ⟹ ipoly p x = 0 ⟹ ¬ (?r y ≤ ur)"
proof(standard+,goal_cases)
case (1 x)
{
assume id: "ur = ?r y"
with urD ur py0 have False by auto
} note neq = this
have x: "root_cond (p, l, r) x" unfolding root_cond_def
using 1 a ur urD by auto
from ur urD x have ur_eqI: "ur = x"
by auto
with 1 have "ur = of_rat y" by auto
with urD(1) py0 show False by auto
qed
hence ur'':"∀x. real_of_rat y ≤ x ∧ x ≤ real_of_rat r ⟶ poly (real_of_int_poly p) x ≠ 0 ⟹ ¬ (?r y ≤ ur)"
using urD by auto
have "(sgn (ipoly p y) = sgn (ipoly p r)) = (?r y > ur)"
proof(cases "sgn (ipoly p r) = sgn (ipoly p y)")
case True
have sgn:"sgn (poly ?p (real_of_rat l)) ≠ sgn (poly ?p (real_of_rat y))" using True diff_sign
by (simp add: real_of_rat_sgn)
have ly:"of_rat l < (of_rat y::real)" using in_interval True diff_sign less_eq_rat_def of_rat_less by auto
with no_roots_inbetween_imp_same_sign[OF ly,of ?p] sgn ur' True
show ?thesis by force
next
case False
hence ne:"sgn (ipoly p (real_of_rat y)) ≠ sgn (ipoly p (real_of_rat r))" by (simp add: real_of_rat_sgn)
have ry:"of_rat y < (of_rat r::real)" using in_interval False diff_sign less_eq_rat_def of_rat_less by auto
obtain x where x:"real_of_rat y ≤ x" "x ≤ real_of_rat r" "ipoly p x = 0"
using no_roots_inbetween_imp_same_sign[OF ry,of ?p] ne by auto
hence lx:"real_of_rat l ≤ x" using in_interval
using False a urD by auto
with x have "root_cond (p,l,r) x" by (auto simp: root_cond_def)
with urD ur
have "ur = x" by auto
then show ?thesis using False x by auto
qed
thus False using diff_sign(1) a py0 by(cases "ipoly p r = 0";auto simp:sgn_0_0)
qed
definition algebraic_real :: "real ⇒ bool" where
[simp]: "algebraic_real = algebraic"
lemma algebraic_real_iff[code_unfold]: "algebraic = algebraic_real" by simp
end