Theory Explicit_Roots
section ‹Explicit Formulas for Roots›
text ‹We provide algorithms which use the explicit formulas to
compute the roots of polynomials of degree up to 2. For polynomials of degree
3 and 4 have a look at the AFP entry "Cubic-Quartic-Equations".›
theory Explicit_Roots
imports
Polynomial_Interpolation.Missing_Polynomial
Sqrt_Babylonian.Sqrt_Babylonian
begin
lemma roots0: assumes p: "p ≠ 0" and p0: "degree p = 0"
shows "{x. poly p x = 0} = {}"
using degree0_coeffs[OF p0] p by auto
definition roots1 :: "'a :: field poly ⇒ 'a" where
"roots1 p = (- coeff p 0 / coeff p 1)"
lemma roots1: fixes p :: "'a :: field poly"
assumes p1: "degree p = 1"
shows "{x. poly p x = 0} = {roots1 p}"
using degree1_coeffs[OF p1] unfolding roots1_def
by (auto simp: add_eq_0_iff nonzero_neg_divide_eq_eq2)
lemma roots2: fixes p :: "'a :: field_char_0 poly"
assumes p2: "p = [: c, b, a :]" and a: "a ≠ 0"
shows "{x. poly p x = 0} = { - ( b / (2 * a)) + e | e. e^2 = ( b / (2 * a))^2 - c/a}" (is "?l = ?r")
proof -
define b2a where "b2a = b / (2 * a)"
{
fix x
have "(x ∈ ?l) = (x * x * a + x * b + c = 0)" unfolding p2 by (simp add: field_simps)
also have "… = ((x * x + 2 * x * b2a) + c/a = 0)" using a by (auto simp: b2a_def field_simps)
also have "x * x + 2 * x * b2a = (x * x + 2 * x * b2a + b2a^2) - b2a^2" by simp
also have "… = (x + b2a) ^ 2 - b2a ^ 2"
by (simp add: field_simps power2_eq_square)
also have "(… + c / a = 0) = ((x + b2a) ^ 2 = b2a^2 - c/a)" by algebra
also have "… = (x ∈ ?r)" unfolding b2a_def[symmetric] by (auto simp: field_simps)
finally have "(x ∈ ?l) = (x ∈ ?r)" .
}
thus ?thesis by auto
qed
definition croots2 :: "complex poly ⇒ complex list" where
"croots2 p = (let a = coeff p 2; b = coeff p 1; c = coeff p 0; b2a = b / (2 * a);
bac = b2a^2 - c/a;
e = csqrt bac
in
remdups [- b2a + e, - b2a - e])"
definition complex_rat :: "complex ⇒ bool" where
"complex_rat x = (Re x ∈ ℚ ∧ Im x ∈ ℚ)"
lemma croots2: assumes "degree p = 2"
shows "{x. poly p x = 0} = set (croots2 p)"
proof -
from degree2_coeffs[OF assms] obtain a b c
where p: "p = [:c, b, a:]" and a: "a ≠ 0" by auto
note main = roots2[OF p a]
have 2: "2 = Suc (Suc 0)" by simp
have coeff: "coeff p 2 = a" "coeff p 1 = b" "coeff p 0 = c" unfolding p by (auto simp: 2)
let ?b2a = "b / (2 * a)"
define b2a where "b2a = ?b2a"
let ?bac = "b2a^2 - c/a"
define bac where "bac = ?bac"
have roots: "set (croots2 p) = {- b2a + csqrt bac, - b2a - csqrt bac}"
unfolding croots2_def Let_def coeff b2a_def[symmetric] bac_def[symmetric]
by (auto split: if_splits)
show ?thesis unfolding roots main b2a_def[symmetric] bac_def[symmetric]
using power2_eq_iff by fastforce
qed
definition rroots2 :: "real poly ⇒ real list" where
"rroots2 p = (let a = coeff p 2; b = coeff p 1; c = coeff p 0; b2a = b / (2 * a);
bac = b2a^2 - c/a
in if bac = 0 then [- b2a] else if bac < 0 then []
else let e = sqrt bac
in
[- b2a + e, - b2a - e])"
definition rat_roots2 :: "rat poly ⇒ rat list" where
"rat_roots2 p = (let a = coeff p 2; b = coeff p 1; c = coeff p 0; b2a = b / (2 * a);
bac = b2a^2 - c/a
in map (λ e. - b2a + e) (sqrt_rat bac))"
lemma rroots2: assumes "degree p = 2"
shows "{x. poly p x = 0} = set (rroots2 p)"
proof -
from degree2_coeffs[OF assms] obtain a b c
where p: "p = [:c, b, a:]" and a: "a ≠ 0" by auto
note main = roots2[OF p a]
have 2: "2 = Suc (Suc 0)" by simp
have coeff: "coeff p 2 = a" "coeff p 1 = b" "coeff p 0 = c" unfolding p by (auto simp: 2)
let ?b2a = "b / (2 * a)"
define b2a where "b2a = ?b2a"
let ?bac = "b2a^2 - c/a"
define bac where "bac = ?bac"
have roots: "set (rroots2 p) = (if bac < 0 then {} else {- b2a + sqrt bac, - b2a - sqrt bac})"
unfolding rroots2_def Let_def coeff b2a_def[symmetric] bac_def[symmetric]
by (auto split: if_splits)
show ?thesis unfolding roots main b2a_def[symmetric] bac_def[symmetric]
by auto
qed
lemma rat_roots2: assumes "degree p = 2"
shows "{x. poly p x = 0} = set (rat_roots2 p)"
proof -
from degree2_coeffs[OF assms] obtain a b c
where p: "p = [:c, b, a:]" and a: "a ≠ 0" by auto
note main = roots2[OF p a]
have 2: "2 = Suc (Suc 0)" by simp
have coeff: "coeff p 2 = a" "coeff p 1 = b" "coeff p 0 = c" unfolding p by (auto simp: 2)
let ?b2a = "b / (2 * a)"
define b2a where "b2a = ?b2a"
let ?bac = "b2a^2 - c/a"
define bac where "bac = ?bac"
have roots: "(rat_roots2 p) = (map (λ e. -b2a + e) (sqrt_rat bac))"
unfolding rat_roots2_def Let_def coeff b2a_def[symmetric] bac_def[symmetric] by auto
show ?thesis unfolding roots main b2a_def[symmetric] bac_def[symmetric]
by (auto simp: power2_eq_square)
qed
text ‹Determinining roots of complex polynomials of degree up to 2.›
definition croots :: "complex poly ⇒ complex list" where
"croots p = (if p = 0 ∨ degree p > 2 then []
else (if degree p = 0 then [] else if degree p = 1 then [roots1 p]
else croots2 p))"
lemma croots: assumes "p ≠ 0" "degree p ≤ 2"
shows "set (croots p) = {x. poly p x = 0}"
using assms unfolding croots_def
using roots0[of p] roots1[of p] croots2[of p]
by (auto split: if_splits)
text ‹Determinining roots of real polynomials of degree up to 2.›
definition rroots :: "real poly ⇒ real list" where
"rroots p = (if p = 0 ∨ degree p > 2 then []
else (if degree p = 0 then [] else if degree p = 1 then [roots1 p]
else rroots2 p))"
lemma rroots: assumes "p ≠ 0" "degree p ≤ 2"
shows "set (rroots p) = {x. poly p x = 0}"
using assms unfolding rroots_def
using roots0[of p] roots1[of p] rroots2[of p]
by (auto split: if_splits)
end