Theory HOL-Probability.Levy
section ‹The Levy inversion theorem, and the Levy continuity theorem.›
theory Levy
imports Characteristic_Functions Helly_Selection Sinc_Integral
begin
subsection ‹The Levy inversion theorem›
lemma Levy_Inversion_aux1:
fixes a b :: real
assumes "a ≤ b"
shows "((λt. (iexp (-(t * a)) - iexp (-(t * b))) / (𝗂 * t)) ⤏ b - a) (at 0)"
(is "(?F ⤏ _) (at _)")
proof -
have 1: "cmod (?F t - (b - a)) ≤ a^2 / 2 * abs t + b^2 / 2 * abs t" if "t ≠ 0" for t
proof -
have "cmod (?F t - (b - a)) = cmod (
(iexp (-(t * a)) - (1 + 𝗂 * -(t * a))) / (𝗂 * t) -
(iexp (-(t * b)) - (1 + 𝗂 * -(t * b))) / (𝗂 * t))"
(is "_ = cmod (?one / (𝗂 * t) - ?two / (𝗂 * t))")
using ‹t ≠ 0› by (intro arg_cong[where f=norm]) (simp add: field_simps)
also have "… ≤ cmod (?one / (𝗂 * t)) + cmod (?two / (𝗂 * t))"
by (rule norm_triangle_ineq4)
also have "cmod (?one / (𝗂 * t)) = cmod ?one / abs t"
by (simp add: norm_divide norm_mult)
also have "cmod (?two / (𝗂 * t)) = cmod ?two / abs t"
by (simp add: norm_divide norm_mult)
also have "cmod ?one / abs t + cmod ?two / abs t ≤
((- (a * t))^2 / 2) / abs t + ((- (b * t))^2 / 2) / abs t"
using iexp_approx1 [of "-(t * _)" 1]
by (intro add_mono divide_right_mono abs_ge_zero) (auto simp: field_simps eval_nat_numeral)
also have "… = a^2 / 2 * abs t + b^2 / 2 * abs t"
using ‹t ≠ 0› apply (case_tac "t ≥ 0", simp add: field_simps power2_eq_square)
using ‹t ≠ 0› by (subst (1 2) abs_of_neg, auto simp add: field_simps power2_eq_square)
finally show "cmod (?F t - (b - a)) ≤ a^2 / 2 * abs t + b^2 / 2 * abs t" .
qed
show ?thesis
apply (rule LIM_zero_cancel)
apply (rule tendsto_norm_zero_cancel)
apply (rule real_LIM_sandwich_zero [OF _ _ 1])
apply (auto intro!: tendsto_eq_intros)
done
qed
lemma Levy_Inversion_aux2:
fixes a b t :: real
assumes "a ≤ b" and "t ≠ 0"
shows "cmod ((iexp (t * b) - iexp (t * a)) / (𝗂 * t)) ≤ b - a" (is "?F ≤ _")
proof -
have "?F = cmod (iexp (t * a) * (iexp (t * (b - a)) - 1) / (𝗂 * t))"
using ‹t ≠ 0› by (intro arg_cong[where f=norm]) (simp add: field_simps exp_diff exp_minus)
also have "… = cmod (iexp (t * (b - a)) - 1) / abs t"
unfolding norm_divide norm_mult norm_exp_i_times using ‹t ≠ 0›
by (simp add: complex_eq_iff norm_mult)
also have "… ≤ abs (t * (b - a)) / abs t"
using iexp_approx1 [of "t * (b - a)" 0]
by (intro divide_right_mono) (auto simp add: field_simps eval_nat_numeral)
also have "… = b - a"
using assms by (auto simp add: abs_mult)
finally show ?thesis .
qed
theorem (in real_distribution) Levy_Inversion:
fixes a b :: real
assumes "a ≤ b"
defines "μ ≡ measure M" and "φ ≡ char M"
assumes "μ {a} = 0" and "μ {b} = 0"
shows "(λT. 1 / (2 * pi) * (CLBINT t=-T..T. (iexp (-(t * a)) - iexp (-(t * b))) / (𝗂 * t) * φ t))
⇢ μ {a<..b}"
(is "(λT. 1 / (2 * pi) * (CLBINT t=-T..T. ?F t * φ t)) ⇢ of_real (μ {a<..b})")
proof -
interpret P: pair_sigma_finite lborel M ..
from bounded_Si obtain B where Bprop: "⋀T. abs (Si T) ≤ B" by auto
from Bprop [of 0] have [simp]: "B ≥ 0" by auto
let ?f = "λt x :: real. (iexp (t * (x - a)) - iexp(t * (x - b))) / (𝗂 * t)"
{ fix T :: real
assume "T ≥ 0"
let ?f' = "λ(t, x). indicator {-T<..<T} t *⇩R ?f t x"
{ fix x
have int: "interval_lebesgue_integrable lborel (ereal 0) (ereal T) (λt. 2 * (sin (t * (x-w)) / t))" for w
using integrable_sinc' interval_lebesgue_integrable_mult_right by blast
have 1: "complex_interval_lebesgue_integrable lborel u v (λt. ?f t x)" for u v :: real
using Levy_Inversion_aux2[of "x - b" "x - a"]
apply (simp add: interval_lebesgue_integrable_def set_integrable_def del: times_divide_eq_left)
apply (intro integrableI_bounded_set_indicator[where B="b - a"] conjI impI)
apply (auto intro!: AE_I [of _ _ "{0}"] simp: assms)
done
have "(CLBINT t. ?f' (t, x)) = (CLBINT t=-T..T. ?f t x)"
using ‹T ≥ 0› by (simp add: interval_lebesgue_integral_def set_lebesgue_integral_def)
also have "… = (CLBINT t=-T..(0 :: real). ?f t x) + (CLBINT t=(0 :: real)..T. ?f t x)"
(is "_ = _ + ?t")
using 1 by (intro interval_integral_sum[symmetric]) (simp add: min_absorb1 max_absorb2 ‹T ≥ 0›)
also have "(CLBINT t=-T..(0 :: real). ?f t x) = (CLBINT t=(0::real)..T. ?f (-t) x)"
by (subst interval_integral_reflect) auto
also have "… + ?t = (CLBINT t=(0::real)..T. ?f (-t) x + ?f t x)"
using 1
by (intro interval_lebesgue_integral_add(2) [symmetric] interval_integrable_mirror[THEN iffD2]) simp_all
also have "… = (CLBINT t=(0::real)..T. ((iexp(t * (x - a)) - iexp (-(t * (x - a)))) -
(iexp(t * (x - b)) - iexp (-(t * (x - b))))) / (𝗂 * t))"
using ‹T ≥ 0› by (intro interval_integral_cong) (auto simp add: field_split_simps)
also have "… = (CLBINT t=(0::real)..T. complex_of_real(
2 * (sin (t * (x - a)) / t) - 2 * (sin (t * (x - b)) / t)))"
using ‹T ≥ 0›
by (intro interval_integral_cong) (simp add: divide_simps Im_divide Re_divide Im_exp Re_exp complex_eq_iff)
also have "… = complex_of_real (LBINT t=(0::real)..T.
2 * (sin (t * (x - a)) / t) - 2 * (sin (t * (x - b)) / t))"
by (rule interval_lebesgue_integral_of_real)
also have "… = complex_of_real ((LBINT t=ereal 0..ereal T. 2 * (sin (t * (x - a)) / t)) -
(LBINT t=ereal 0..ereal T. 2 * (sin (t * (x - b)) / t)))"
unfolding interval_lebesgue_integral_diff
using int by auto
also have "… = complex_of_real (2 * (sgn (x - a) * Si (T * abs (x - a)) -
sgn (x - b) * Si (T * abs (x - b))))"
unfolding interval_lebesgue_integral_mult_right
by (simp add: zero_ereal_def[symmetric] LBINT_I0c_sin_scale_divide[OF ‹T ≥ 0›])
finally have "(CLBINT t. ?f' (t, x)) =
2 * (sgn (x - a) * Si (T * abs (x - a)) - sgn (x - b) * Si (T * abs (x - b)))" .
} note main_eq = this
have "(CLBINT t=-T..T. ?F t * φ t) =
(CLBINT t. (CLINT x | M. ?F t * iexp (t * x) * indicator {-T<..<T} t))"
using ‹T ≥ 0› unfolding φ_def char_def interval_lebesgue_integral_def set_lebesgue_integral_def
by (auto split: split_indicator intro!: Bochner_Integration.integral_cong)
also have "… = (CLBINT t. (CLINT x | M. ?f' (t, x)))"
by (auto intro!: Bochner_Integration.integral_cong simp: field_simps exp_diff exp_minus split: split_indicator)
also have "… = (CLINT x | M. (CLBINT t. ?f' (t, x)))"
proof (intro P.Fubini_integral [symmetric] integrableI_bounded_set [where B="b - a"])
show "emeasure (lborel ⨂⇩M M) ({- T<..<T} × space M) < ∞"
using ‹T ≥ 0›
by (subst emeasure_pair_measure_Times)
(auto simp: ennreal_mult_less_top not_less top_unique)
show "AE x∈{- T<..<T} × space M in lborel ⨂⇩M M. cmod (case x of (t, x) ⇒ ?f' (t, x)) ≤ b - a"
using Levy_Inversion_aux2[of "x - b" "x - a" for x] ‹a ≤ b›
by (intro AE_I [of _ _ "{0} × UNIV"]) (force simp: emeasure_pair_measure_Times)+
qed (auto split: split_indicator split_indicator_asm)
also have "… = (CLINT x | M. (complex_of_real (2 * (sgn (x - a) *
Si (T * abs (x - a)) - sgn (x - b) * Si (T * abs (x - b))))))"
using main_eq by (intro Bochner_Integration.integral_cong, auto)
also have "… = complex_of_real (LINT x | M. (2 * (sgn (x - a) *
Si (T * abs (x - a)) - sgn (x - b) * Si (T * abs (x - b)))))"
by (rule integral_complex_of_real)
finally have "(CLBINT t=-T..T. ?F t * φ t) =
complex_of_real (LINT x | M. (2 * (sgn (x - a) *
Si (T * abs (x - a)) - sgn (x - b) * Si (T * abs (x - b)))))" .
} note main_eq2 = this
have "(λT :: nat. LINT x | M. (2 * (sgn (x - a) *
Si (T * abs (x - a)) - sgn (x - b) * Si (T * abs (x - b))))) ⇢
(LINT x | M. 2 * pi * indicator {a<..b} x)"
proof (rule integral_dominated_convergence [where w="λx. 4 * B"])
show "integrable M (λx. 4 * B)"
by (rule integrable_const_bound [of _ "4 * B"]) auto
next
let ?S = "λn::nat. λx. sgn (x - a) * Si (n * ¦x - a¦) - sgn (x - b) * Si (n * ¦x - b¦)"
{ fix n x
have "norm (?S n x) ≤ norm (sgn (x - a) * Si (n * ¦x - a¦)) + norm (sgn (x - b) * Si (n * ¦x - b¦))"
by (rule norm_triangle_ineq4)
also have "… ≤ B + B"
using Bprop by (intro add_mono) (auto simp: abs_mult abs_sgn_eq)
finally have "norm (2 * ?S n x) ≤ 4 * B"
by simp }
then show "⋀n. AE x in M. norm (2 * ?S n x) ≤ 4 * B"
by auto
have "AE x in M. x ≠ a" "AE x in M. x ≠ b"
using prob_eq_0[of "{a}"] prob_eq_0[of "{b}"] ‹μ {a} = 0› ‹μ {b} = 0› by (auto simp: μ_def)
then show "AE x in M. (λn. 2 * ?S n x) ⇢ 2 * pi * indicator {a<..b} x"
proof eventually_elim
fix x assume x: "x ≠ a" "x ≠ b"
then have "(λn. 2 * (sgn (x - a) * Si (¦x - a¦ * n) - sgn (x - b) * Si (¦x - b¦ * n)))
⇢ 2 * (sgn (x - a) * (pi / 2) - sgn (x - b) * (pi / 2))"
by (intro tendsto_intros filterlim_compose[OF Si_at_top]
filterlim_tendsto_pos_mult_at_top[OF tendsto_const] filterlim_real_sequentially)
auto
also have "(λn. 2 * (sgn (x - a) * Si (¦x - a¦ * n) - sgn (x - b) * Si (¦x - b¦ * n))) = (λn. 2 * ?S n x)"
by (auto simp: ac_simps)
also have "2 * (sgn (x - a) * (pi / 2) - sgn (x - b) * (pi / 2)) = 2 * pi * indicator {a<..b} x"
using x ‹a ≤ b› by (auto split: split_indicator)
finally show "(λn. 2 * ?S n x) ⇢ 2 * pi * indicator {a<..b} x" .
qed
qed simp_all
also have "(LINT x | M. 2 * pi * indicator {a<..b} x) = 2 * pi * μ {a<..b}"
by (simp add: μ_def)
finally have "(λT. LINT x | M. (2 * (sgn (x - a) *
Si (T * abs (x - a)) - sgn (x - b) * Si (T * abs (x - b))))) ⇢
2 * pi * μ {a<..b}" .
with main_eq2 show ?thesis
by (auto intro!: tendsto_eq_intros)
qed
theorem Levy_uniqueness:
fixes M1 M2 :: "real measure"
assumes "real_distribution M1" "real_distribution M2" and
"char M1 = char M2"
shows "M1 = M2"
proof -
interpret M1: real_distribution M1 by (rule assms)
interpret M2: real_distribution M2 by (rule assms)
have "countable ({x. measure M1 {x} ≠ 0} ∪ {x. measure M2 {x} ≠ 0})"
by (intro countable_Un M2.countable_support M1.countable_support)
then have count: "countable {x. measure M1 {x} ≠ 0 ∨ measure M2 {x} ≠ 0}"
by (simp add: Un_def)
have "cdf M1 = cdf M2"
proof (rule ext)
fix x
let ?D = "λx. ¦cdf M1 x - cdf M2 x¦"
{ fix ε :: real
assume "ε > 0"
have "(?D ⤏ 0) at_bot"
using M1.cdf_lim_at_bot M2.cdf_lim_at_bot by (intro tendsto_eq_intros) auto
then have "eventually (λy. ?D y < ε / 2 ∧ y ≤ x) at_bot"
using ‹ε > 0› by (simp only: tendsto_iff dist_real_def diff_0_right eventually_conj eventually_le_at_bot abs_idempotent)
then obtain M where "⋀y. y ≤ M ⟹ ?D y < ε / 2" "M ≤ x"
unfolding eventually_at_bot_linorder by auto
with open_minus_countable[OF count, of "{..< M}"] obtain a where
"measure M1 {a} = 0" "measure M2 {a} = 0" "a < M" "a ≤ x" and 1: "?D a < ε / 2"
by auto
have "(?D ⤏ ?D x) (at_right x)"
using M1.cdf_is_right_cont [of x] M2.cdf_is_right_cont [of x]
by (intro tendsto_intros) (auto simp add: continuous_within)
then have "eventually (λy. ¦?D y - ?D x¦ < ε / 2) (at_right x)"
using ‹ε > 0› by (simp only: tendsto_iff dist_real_def eventually_conj eventually_at_right_less)
then obtain N where "N > x" "⋀y. x < y ⟹ y < N ⟹ ¦?D y - ?D x¦ < ε / 2"
by (auto simp add: eventually_at_right[OF less_add_one])
with open_minus_countable[OF count, of "{x <..< N}"] obtain b where "x < b" "b < N"
"measure M1 {b} = 0" "measure M2 {b} = 0" and 2: "¦?D b - ?D x¦ < ε / 2"
by (auto simp: abs_minus_commute)
from ‹a ≤ x› ‹x < b› have "a < b" "a ≤ b" by auto
from ‹char M1 = char M2›
M1.Levy_Inversion [OF ‹a ≤ b› ‹measure M1 {a} = 0› ‹measure M1 {b} = 0›]
M2.Levy_Inversion [OF ‹a ≤ b› ‹measure M2 {a} = 0› ‹measure M2 {b} = 0›]
have "complex_of_real (measure M1 {a<..b}) = complex_of_real (measure M2 {a<..b})"
by (intro LIMSEQ_unique) auto
then have "?D a = ?D b"
unfolding of_real_eq_iff M1.cdf_diff_eq [OF ‹a < b›, symmetric] M2.cdf_diff_eq [OF ‹a < b›, symmetric] by simp
then have "?D x = ¦(?D b - ?D x) - ?D a¦"
by simp
also have "… ≤ ¦?D b - ?D x¦ + ¦?D a¦"
by (rule abs_triangle_ineq4)
also have "… ≤ ε / 2 + ε / 2"
using 1 2 by (intro add_mono) auto
finally have "?D x ≤ ε" by simp }
then show "cdf M1 x = cdf M2 x"
by (metis abs_le_zero_iff dense_ge eq_iff_diff_eq_0)
qed
thus ?thesis
by (rule cdf_unique [OF ‹real_distribution M1› ‹real_distribution M2›])
qed
subsection ‹The Levy continuity theorem›
theorem levy_continuity1:
fixes M :: "nat ⇒ real measure" and M' :: "real measure"
assumes "⋀n. real_distribution (M n)" "real_distribution M'" "weak_conv_m M M'"
shows "(λn. char (M n) t) ⇢ char M' t"
unfolding char_def using assms by (rule weak_conv_imp_integral_bdd_continuous_conv) auto
theorem levy_continuity:
fixes M :: "nat ⇒ real measure" and M' :: "real measure"
assumes real_distr_M : "⋀n. real_distribution (M n)"
and real_distr_M': "real_distribution M'"
and char_conv: "⋀t. (λn. char (M n) t) ⇢ char M' t"
shows "weak_conv_m M M'"
proof -
interpret Mn: real_distribution "M n" for n by fact
interpret M': real_distribution M' by fact
have *: "⋀u x. u > 0 ⟹ x ≠ 0 ⟹ (CLBINT t:{-u..u}. 1 - iexp (t * x)) =
2 * (u - sin (u * x) / x)"
proof -
fix u :: real and x :: real
assume "u > 0" and "x ≠ 0"
hence "(CLBINT t:{-u..u}. 1 - iexp (t * x)) = (CLBINT t=-u..u. 1 - iexp (t * x))"
by (subst interval_integral_Icc, auto)
also have "… = (CLBINT t=-u..ereal 0. 1 - iexp (t * x)) + (CLBINT t= ereal 0..u. 1 - iexp (t * x))"
using ‹u > 0›
by (subst interval_integral_sum; force simp add: interval_integrable_isCont)
also have "… = (CLBINT t=ereal 0..u. 1 - iexp (t * -x)) + (CLBINT t=ereal 0..u. 1 - iexp (t * x))"
by (subst interval_integral_reflect, auto)
also have "... = CLBINT xa=ereal 0..ereal u. 1 - iexp (xa * - x) + (1 - iexp (xa * x))"
by (subst interval_lebesgue_integral_add (2) [symmetric]) (auto simp: interval_integrable_isCont)
also have "… = (LBINT t=ereal 0..u. 2 - 2 * cos (t * x))"
unfolding exp_Euler cos_of_real by (simp flip: interval_lebesgue_integral_of_real)
also have "… = 2 * u - 2 * sin (u * x) / x"
by (subst interval_lebesgue_integral_diff)
(auto intro!: interval_integrable_isCont
simp: interval_lebesgue_integral_of_real integral_cos [OF ‹x ≠ 0›] mult.commute[of _ x])
finally show "(CLBINT t:{-u..u}. 1 - iexp (t * x)) = 2 * (u - sin (u * x) / x)"
by (simp add: field_simps)
qed
have main_bound: "⋀u n. u > 0 ⟹ Re (CLBINT t:{-u..u}. 1 - char (M n) t) ≥
u * measure (M n) {x. abs x ≥ 2 / u}"
proof -
fix u :: real and n
assume "u > 0"
interpret P: pair_sigma_finite "M n" lborel ..
have Mn1 [simp]: "measure (M n) UNIV = 1" by (metis Mn.prob_space Mn.space_eq_univ)
have Mn2 [simp]: "⋀x. complex_integrable (M n) (λt. exp (𝗂 * complex_of_real (x * t)))"
by (rule Mn.integrable_const_bound [where B = 1], auto)
have Mn3: "set_integrable (M n ⨂⇩M lborel) (UNIV × {- u..u}) (λa. 1 - exp (𝗂 * complex_of_real (snd a * fst a)))"
using ‹0 < u›
unfolding set_integrable_def
by (intro integrableI_bounded_set_indicator [where B="2"])
(auto simp: lborel.emeasure_pair_measure_Times ennreal_mult_less_top not_less top_unique
split: split_indicator
intro!: order_trans [OF norm_triangle_ineq4])
have "(CLBINT t:{-u..u}. 1 - char (M n) t) =
(CLBINT t:{-u..u}. (CLINT x | M n. 1 - iexp (t * x)))"
unfolding char_def by (rule set_lebesgue_integral_cong, auto simp del: of_real_mult)
also have "… = (CLBINT t. (CLINT x | M n. indicator {-u..u} t *⇩R (1 - iexp (t * x))))"
unfolding set_lebesgue_integral_def
by (rule Bochner_Integration.integral_cong) (auto split: split_indicator)
also have "… = (CLINT x | M n. (CLBINT t:{-u..u}. 1 - iexp (t * x)))"
using Mn3 by (subst P.Fubini_integral) (auto simp: indicator_times split_beta' set_integrable_def set_lebesgue_integral_def)
also have "… = (CLINT x | M n. (if x = 0 then 0 else 2 * (u - sin (u * x) / x)))"
using ‹u > 0› by (intro Bochner_Integration.integral_cong, auto simp add: * simp del: of_real_mult)
also have "… = (LINT x | M n. (if x = 0 then 0 else 2 * (u - sin (u * x) / x)))"
by (rule integral_complex_of_real)
finally have "Re (CLBINT t:{-u..u}. 1 - char (M n) t) =
(LINT x | M n. (if x = 0 then 0 else 2 * (u - sin (u * x) / x)))" by simp
also have "… ≥ (LINT x : {x. abs x ≥ 2 / u} | M n. u)"
proof -
have "complex_integrable (M n) (λx. CLBINT t:{-u..u}. 1 - iexp (snd (x, t) * fst (x, t)))"
using Mn3 unfolding set_integrable_def set_lebesgue_integral_def
by (intro P.integrable_fst) (simp add: indicator_times split_beta')
hence "complex_integrable (M n) (λx. if x = 0 then 0 else 2 * (u - sin (u * x) / x))"
using ‹u > 0›
unfolding set_integrable_def
by (subst Bochner_Integration.integrable_cong) (auto simp add: * simp del: of_real_mult)
hence **: "integrable (M n) (λx. if x = 0 then 0 else 2 * (u - sin (u * x) / x))"
unfolding complex_of_real_integrable_eq .
have "2 * sin x ≤ x" if "2 ≤ x" for x :: real
by (rule order_trans[OF _ ‹2 ≤ x›]) auto
moreover have "x ≤ 2 * sin x" if "x ≤ - 2" for x :: real
by (rule order_trans[OF ‹x ≤ - 2›]) auto
moreover have "x < 0 ⟹ x ≤ sin x" for x :: real
using sin_x_le_x[of "-x"] by simp
ultimately show ?thesis
using ‹u > 0› unfolding set_lebesgue_integral_def
by (intro integral_mono [OF _ **])
(auto simp: divide_simps sin_x_le_x mult.commute[of u] mult_neg_pos top_unique less_top[symmetric]
split: split_indicator)
qed
also (xtrans) have "(LINT x : {x. abs x ≥ 2 / u} | M n. u) = u * measure (M n) {x. abs x ≥ 2 / u}"
unfolding set_lebesgue_integral_def
by (simp add: Mn.emeasure_eq_measure)
finally show "Re (CLBINT t:{-u..u}. 1 - char (M n) t) ≥ u * measure (M n) {x. abs x ≥ 2 / u}" .
qed
have tight_aux: "⋀ε. ε > 0 ⟹ ∃a b. a < b ∧ (∀n. 1 - ε < measure (M n) {a<..b})"
proof -
fix ε :: real
assume "ε > 0"
with M'.isCont_char [of 0]
obtain d where d0: "d>0" and "∀x'. dist x' 0 < d ⟶ dist (char M' x') (char M' 0) < ε/4"
unfolding continuous_at_eps_delta by (metis ‹0 < ε› divide_pos_pos zero_less_numeral)
then have d1: "⋀t. abs t < d ⟹ cmod (char M' t - 1) < ε / 4"
by (simp add: M'.char_zero dist_norm)
have 1: "⋀x. cmod (1 - char M' x) ≤ 2"
by (rule order_trans [OF norm_triangle_ineq4], auto simp add: M'.cmod_char_le_1)
then have 2: "⋀u v. complex_set_integrable lborel {u..v} (λx. 1 - char M' x)"
unfolding set_integrable_def
by (intro integrableI_bounded_set_indicator[where B=2]) (auto simp: emeasure_lborel_Icc_eq)
have 3: "⋀u v. integrable lborel (λx. indicat_real {u..v} x *⇩R cmod (1 - char M' x))"
by (intro borel_integrable_compact[OF compact_Icc] continuous_at_imp_continuous_on
continuous_intros ballI M'.isCont_char continuous_intros)
have "cmod (CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char M' t) ≤ (LBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. cmod (1 - char M' t))"
unfolding set_lebesgue_integral_def
using integral_norm_bound[of _ "λx. indicator {u..v} x *⇩R (1 - char M' x)" for u v] by simp
also have 4: "… ≤ (LBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. ε / 4)"
unfolding set_lebesgue_integral_def
proof (rule integral_mono [OF 3])
show "indicat_real {- d / 2..d / 2} x *⇩R cmod (1 - char M' x)
≤ indicat_real {- d / 2..d / 2} x *⇩R (ε / 4)"
if "x ∈ space lborel" for x
proof (cases "x ∈ {-d/2..d/2}")
case True
show ?thesis
using d0 d1 that True [simplified]
by (smt (verit, best) field_sum_of_halves minus_diff_eq norm_minus_cancel indicator_pos_le scaleR_left_mono)
qed auto
qed (simp add: emeasure_lborel_Icc_eq)
also from d0 4 have "… = d * ε / 4"
unfolding set_lebesgue_integral_def by simp
finally have bound: "cmod (CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char M' t) ≤ d * ε / 4" .
have "cmod (1 - char (M n) x) ≤ 2" for n x
by (rule order_trans [OF norm_triangle_ineq4], auto simp add: Mn.cmod_char_le_1)
then have "(λn. CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char (M n) t) ⇢ (CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char M' t)"
unfolding set_lebesgue_integral_def
apply (intro integral_dominated_convergence[where w="λx. indicator {-d/2..d/2} x *⇩R 2"])
apply (auto intro!: char_conv tendsto_intros
simp: emeasure_lborel_Icc_eq
split: split_indicator)
done
hence "eventually (λn. cmod ((CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char (M n) t) -
(CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char M' t)) < d * ε / 4) sequentially"
using d0 ‹ε > 0› apply (subst (asm) tendsto_iff)
by (subst (asm) dist_complex_def, drule spec, erule mp, auto)
hence "∃N. ∀n ≥ N. cmod ((CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char (M n) t) -
(CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char M' t)) < d * ε / 4" by (simp add: eventually_sequentially)
then obtain N
where "∀n≥N. cmod ((CLBINT t:{- d / 2..d / 2}. 1 - char (M n) t) -
(CLBINT t:{- d / 2..d / 2}. 1 - char M' t)) < d * ε / 4" ..
hence N: "⋀n. n ≥ N ⟹ cmod ((CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char (M n) t) -
(CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char M' t)) < d * ε / 4" by auto
{ fix n
assume "n ≥ N"
have "cmod (CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char (M n) t) =
cmod ((CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char (M n) t) - (CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char M' t)
+ (CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char M' t))" by simp
also have "… ≤ cmod ((CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char (M n) t) -
(CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char M' t)) + cmod(CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char M' t)"
by (rule norm_triangle_ineq)
also have "… < d * ε / 4 + d * ε / 4"
by (rule add_less_le_mono [OF N [OF ‹n ≥ N›] bound])
also have "… = d * ε / 2" by auto
finally have "cmod (CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char (M n) t) < d * ε / 2" .
hence "d * ε / 2 > Re (CLBINT t:{-d/2..d/2}. 1 - char (M n) t)"
by (rule order_le_less_trans [OF complex_Re_le_cmod])
hence "d * ε / 2 > Re (CLBINT t:{-(d/2)..d/2}. 1 - char (M n) t)" (is "_ > ?lhs") by simp
also have "?lhs ≥ (d / 2) * measure (M n) {x. abs x ≥ 2 / (d / 2)}"
using d0 by (intro main_bound, simp)
finally (xtrans) have "d * ε / 2 > (d / 2) * measure (M n) {x. abs x ≥ 2 / (d / 2)}" .
with d0 ‹ε > 0› have "ε > measure (M n) {x. abs x ≥ 2 / (d / 2)}" by (simp add: field_simps)
hence "ε > 1 - measure (M n) (UNIV - {x. abs x ≥ 2 / (d / 2)})"
apply (subst Mn.borel_UNIV [symmetric])
by (subst Mn.prob_compl, auto)
also have "UNIV - {x. abs x ≥ 2 / (d / 2)} = {x. -(4 / d) < x ∧ x < (4 / d)}"
using d0 by (simp add: set_eq_iff divide_simps abs_if) (smt (verit, best) mult_less_0_iff)
finally have "measure (M n) {x. -(4 / d) < x ∧ x < (4 / d)} > 1 - ε"
by auto
} note 6 = this
{ fix n :: nat
have *: "(UN (k :: nat). {- real k<..real k}) = UNIV"
by (auto, metis leI le_less_trans less_imp_le minus_less_iff reals_Archimedean2)
have "(λk. measure (M n) {- real k<..real k}) ⇢
measure (M n) (UN (k :: nat). {- real k<..real k})"
by (rule Mn.finite_Lim_measure_incseq, auto simp add: incseq_def)
hence "(λk. measure (M n) {- real k<..real k}) ⇢ 1"
using Mn.prob_space unfolding * Mn.borel_UNIV by simp
hence "eventually (λk. measure (M n) {- real k<..real k} > 1 - ε) sequentially"
using ‹ε > 0› order_tendstoD by fastforce
} note 7 = this
{ fix n :: nat
have "eventually (λk. ∀m < n. measure (M m) {- real k<..real k} > 1 - ε) sequentially"
(is "?P n")
proof (induct n)
case (Suc n) with 7[of n] show ?case
by eventually_elim (auto simp add: less_Suc_eq)
qed simp
} note 8 = this
from 8 [of N] have "∃K :: nat. ∀k ≥ K. ∀m<N. 1 - ε <
Sigma_Algebra.measure (M m) {- real k<..real k}"
by (auto simp add: eventually_sequentially)
hence "∃K :: nat. ∀m<N. 1 - ε < Sigma_Algebra.measure (M m) {- real K<..real K}" by auto
then obtain K :: nat where
"∀m<N. 1 - ε < Sigma_Algebra.measure (M m) {- real K<..real K}" ..
hence K: "⋀m. m < N ⟹ 1 - ε < Sigma_Algebra.measure (M m) {- real K<..real K}"
by auto
let ?K' = "max K (4 / d)"
have "1 - ε < measure (M n) {- max (real K) (4 / d)<..max (real K) (4 / d)}" for n
proof (cases "n < N")
case True
then show ?thesis
by (force intro: order_less_le_trans [OF K Mn.finite_measure_mono])
next
case False
then show ?thesis
by (force intro: order_less_le_trans [OF 6 Mn.finite_measure_mono])
qed
then have "-?K' < ?K' ∧ (∀n. 1 - ε < measure (M n) {-?K'<..?K'})"
using d0 by (simp add: less_max_iff_disj minus_less_iff)
thus "∃a b. a < b ∧ (∀n. 1 - ε < measure (M n) {a<..b})" by (intro exI)
qed
have tight: "tight M"
by (auto simp: tight_def intro: assms tight_aux)
show ?thesis
proof (rule tight_subseq_weak_converge [OF real_distr_M real_distr_M' tight])
fix s ν
assume s: "strict_mono (s :: nat ⇒ nat)"
assume nu: "weak_conv_m (M ∘ s) ν"
assume *: "real_distribution ν"
have 2: "⋀n. real_distribution ((M ∘ s) n)" unfolding comp_def by (rule assms)
have 3: "⋀t. (λn. char ((M ∘ s) n) t) ⇢ char ν t" by (intro levy_continuity1 [OF 2 * nu])
have 4: "⋀t. (λn. char ((M ∘ s) n) t) = ((λn. char (M n) t) ∘ s)" by (rule ext, simp)
have 5: "⋀t. (λn. char ((M ∘ s) n) t) ⇢ char M' t"
by (subst 4, rule LIMSEQ_subseq_LIMSEQ [OF _ s], rule assms)
hence "char ν = char M'" by (intro ext, intro LIMSEQ_unique [OF 3 5])
hence "ν = M'" by (rule Levy_uniqueness [OF * ‹real_distribution M'›])
thus "weak_conv_m (M ∘ s) M'"
by (elim subst) (rule nu)
qed
qed
end