Theory Probability_Mass_Function

theory Probability_Mass_Function
imports Giry_Monad Multiset
(*  Title:      HOL/Probability/Probability_Mass_Function.thy
    Author:     Johannes Hölzl, TU München
    Author:     Andreas Lochbihler, ETH Zurich
*)

section ‹ Probability mass function ›

theory Probability_Mass_Function
imports
  Giry_Monad
  "~~/src/HOL/Library/Multiset"
begin

lemma AE_emeasure_singleton:
  assumes x: "emeasure M {x} ≠ 0" and ae: "AE x in M. P x" shows "P x"
proof -
  from x have x_M: "{x} ∈ sets M"
    by (auto intro: emeasure_notin_sets)
  from ae obtain N where N: "{x∈space M. ¬ P x} ⊆ N" "emeasure M N = 0" "N ∈ sets M"
    by (auto elim: AE_E)
  { assume "¬ P x"
    with x_M[THEN sets.sets_into_space] N have "emeasure M {x} ≤ emeasure M N"
      by (intro emeasure_mono) auto
    with x N have False
      by (auto simp:) }
  then show "P x" by auto
qed

lemma AE_measure_singleton: "measure M {x} ≠ 0 ⟹ AE x in M. P x ⟹ P x"
  by (metis AE_emeasure_singleton measure_def emeasure_empty measure_empty)

lemma (in finite_measure) AE_support_countable:
  assumes [simp]: "sets M = UNIV"
  shows "(AE x in M. measure M {x} ≠ 0) ⟷ (∃S. countable S ∧ (AE x in M. x ∈ S))"
proof
  assume "∃S. countable S ∧ (AE x in M. x ∈ S)"
  then obtain S where S[intro]: "countable S" and ae: "AE x in M. x ∈ S"
    by auto
  then have "emeasure M (⋃x∈{x∈S. emeasure M {x} ≠ 0}. {x}) =
    (∫+ x. emeasure M {x} * indicator {x∈S. emeasure M {x} ≠ 0} x ∂count_space UNIV)"
    by (subst emeasure_UN_countable)
       (auto simp: disjoint_family_on_def nn_integral_restrict_space[symmetric] restrict_count_space)
  also have "… = (∫+ x. emeasure M {x} * indicator S x ∂count_space UNIV)"
    by (auto intro!: nn_integral_cong split: split_indicator)
  also have "… = emeasure M (⋃x∈S. {x})"
    by (subst emeasure_UN_countable)
       (auto simp: disjoint_family_on_def nn_integral_restrict_space[symmetric] restrict_count_space)
  also have "… = emeasure M (space M)"
    using ae by (intro emeasure_eq_AE) auto
  finally have "emeasure M {x ∈ space M. x∈S ∧ emeasure M {x} ≠ 0} = emeasure M (space M)"
    by (simp add: emeasure_single_in_space cong: rev_conj_cong)
  with finite_measure_compl[of "{x ∈ space M. x∈S ∧ emeasure M {x} ≠ 0}"]
  have "AE x in M. x ∈ S ∧ emeasure M {x} ≠ 0"
    by (intro AE_I[OF order_refl]) (auto simp: emeasure_eq_measure measure_nonneg set_diff_eq cong: conj_cong)
  then show "AE x in M. measure M {x} ≠ 0"
    by (auto simp: emeasure_eq_measure)
qed (auto intro!: exI[of _ "{x. measure M {x} ≠ 0}"] countable_support)

subsection ‹ PMF as measure ›

typedef 'a pmf = "{M :: 'a measure. prob_space M ∧ sets M = UNIV ∧ (AE x in M. measure M {x} ≠ 0)}"
  morphisms measure_pmf Abs_pmf
  by (intro exI[of _ "uniform_measure (count_space UNIV) {undefined}"])
     (auto intro!: prob_space_uniform_measure AE_uniform_measureI)

declare [[coercion measure_pmf]]

lemma prob_space_measure_pmf: "prob_space (measure_pmf p)"
  using pmf.measure_pmf[of p] by auto

interpretation measure_pmf: prob_space "measure_pmf M" for M
  by (rule prob_space_measure_pmf)

interpretation measure_pmf: subprob_space "measure_pmf M" for M
  by (rule prob_space_imp_subprob_space) unfold_locales

lemma subprob_space_measure_pmf: "subprob_space (measure_pmf x)"
  by unfold_locales

locale pmf_as_measure
begin

setup_lifting type_definition_pmf

end

context
begin

interpretation pmf_as_measure .

lemma sets_measure_pmf[simp]: "sets (measure_pmf p) = UNIV"
  by transfer blast

lemma sets_measure_pmf_count_space[measurable_cong]:
  "sets (measure_pmf M) = sets (count_space UNIV)"
  by simp

lemma space_measure_pmf[simp]: "space (measure_pmf p) = UNIV"
  using sets_eq_imp_space_eq[of "measure_pmf p" "count_space UNIV"] by simp

lemma measure_pmf_UNIV [simp]: "measure (measure_pmf p) UNIV = 1"
using measure_pmf.prob_space[of p] by simp

lemma measure_pmf_in_subprob_algebra[measurable (raw)]: "measure_pmf x ∈ space (subprob_algebra (count_space UNIV))"
  by (simp add: space_subprob_algebra subprob_space_measure_pmf)

lemma measurable_pmf_measure1[simp]: "measurable (M :: 'a pmf) N = UNIV → space N"
  by (auto simp: measurable_def)

lemma measurable_pmf_measure2[simp]: "measurable N (M :: 'a pmf) = measurable N (count_space UNIV)"
  by (intro measurable_cong_sets) simp_all

lemma measurable_pair_restrict_pmf2:
  assumes "countable A"
  assumes [measurable]: "⋀y. y ∈ A ⟹ (λx. f (x, y)) ∈ measurable M L"
  shows "f ∈ measurable (M ⨂M restrict_space (measure_pmf N) A) L" (is "f ∈ measurable ?M _")
proof -
  have [measurable_cong]: "sets (restrict_space (count_space UNIV) A) = sets (count_space A)"
    by (simp add: restrict_count_space)

  show ?thesis
    by (intro measurable_compose_countable'[where f="λa b. f (fst b, a)" and g=snd and I=A,
                                            unfolded prod.collapse] assms)
        measurable
qed

lemma measurable_pair_restrict_pmf1:
  assumes "countable A"
  assumes [measurable]: "⋀x. x ∈ A ⟹ (λy. f (x, y)) ∈ measurable N L"
  shows "f ∈ measurable (restrict_space (measure_pmf M) A ⨂M N) L"
proof -
  have [measurable_cong]: "sets (restrict_space (count_space UNIV) A) = sets (count_space A)"
    by (simp add: restrict_count_space)

  show ?thesis
    by (intro measurable_compose_countable'[where f="λa b. f (a, snd b)" and g=fst and I=A,
                                            unfolded prod.collapse] assms)
        measurable
qed

lift_definition pmf :: "'a pmf ⇒ 'a ⇒ real" is "λM x. measure M {x}" .

lift_definition set_pmf :: "'a pmf ⇒ 'a set" is "λM. {x. measure M {x} ≠ 0}" .
declare [[coercion set_pmf]]

lemma AE_measure_pmf: "AE x in (M::'a pmf). x ∈ M"
  by transfer simp

lemma emeasure_pmf_single_eq_zero_iff:
  fixes M :: "'a pmf"
  shows "emeasure M {y} = 0 ⟷ y ∉ M"
  unfolding set_pmf.rep_eq by (simp add: measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_measure)

lemma AE_measure_pmf_iff: "(AE x in measure_pmf M. P x) ⟷ (∀y∈M. P y)"
  using AE_measure_singleton[of M] AE_measure_pmf[of M]
  by (auto simp: set_pmf.rep_eq)

lemma AE_pmfI: "(⋀y. y ∈ set_pmf M ⟹ P y) ⟹ almost_everywhere (measure_pmf M) P"
by(simp add: AE_measure_pmf_iff)

lemma countable_set_pmf [simp]: "countable (set_pmf p)"
  by transfer (metis prob_space.finite_measure finite_measure.countable_support)

lemma pmf_positive: "x ∈ set_pmf p ⟹ 0 < pmf p x"
  by transfer (simp add: less_le)

lemma pmf_nonneg[simp]: "0 ≤ pmf p x"
  by transfer simp

lemma pmf_le_1: "pmf p x ≤ 1"
  by (simp add: pmf.rep_eq)

lemma set_pmf_not_empty: "set_pmf M ≠ {}"
  using AE_measure_pmf[of M] by (intro notI) simp

lemma set_pmf_iff: "x ∈ set_pmf M ⟷ pmf M x ≠ 0"
  by transfer simp

lemma pmf_positive_iff: "0 < pmf p x ⟷ x ∈ set_pmf p"
  unfolding less_le by (simp add: set_pmf_iff)

lemma set_pmf_eq: "set_pmf M = {x. pmf M x ≠ 0}"
  by (auto simp: set_pmf_iff)

lemma emeasure_pmf_single:
  fixes M :: "'a pmf"
  shows "emeasure M {x} = pmf M x"
  by transfer (simp add: finite_measure.emeasure_eq_measure[OF prob_space.finite_measure])

lemma measure_pmf_single: "measure (measure_pmf M) {x} = pmf M x"
  using emeasure_pmf_single[of M x] by(simp add: measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_measure pmf_nonneg measure_nonneg)

lemma emeasure_measure_pmf_finite: "finite S ⟹ emeasure (measure_pmf M) S = (∑s∈S. pmf M s)"
  by (subst emeasure_eq_setsum_singleton) (auto simp: emeasure_pmf_single pmf_nonneg)

lemma measure_measure_pmf_finite: "finite S ⟹ measure (measure_pmf M) S = setsum (pmf M) S"
  using emeasure_measure_pmf_finite[of S M]
  by (simp add: measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_measure measure_nonneg setsum_nonneg pmf_nonneg)

lemma nn_integral_measure_pmf_support:
  fixes f :: "'a ⇒ ennreal"
  assumes f: "finite A" and nn: "⋀x. x ∈ A ⟹ 0 ≤ f x" "⋀x. x ∈ set_pmf M ⟹ x ∉ A ⟹ f x = 0"
  shows "(∫+x. f x ∂measure_pmf M) = (∑x∈A. f x * pmf M x)"
proof -
  have "(∫+x. f x ∂M) = (∫+x. f x * indicator A x ∂M)"
    using nn by (intro nn_integral_cong_AE) (auto simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff split: split_indicator)
  also have "… = (∑x∈A. f x * emeasure M {x})"
    using assms by (intro nn_integral_indicator_finite) auto
  finally show ?thesis
    by (simp add: emeasure_measure_pmf_finite)
qed

lemma nn_integral_measure_pmf_finite:
  fixes f :: "'a ⇒ ennreal"
  assumes f: "finite (set_pmf M)" and nn: "⋀x. x ∈ set_pmf M ⟹ 0 ≤ f x"
  shows "(∫+x. f x ∂measure_pmf M) = (∑x∈set_pmf M. f x * pmf M x)"
  using assms by (intro nn_integral_measure_pmf_support) auto

lemma integrable_measure_pmf_finite:
  fixes f :: "'a ⇒ 'b::{banach, second_countable_topology}"
  shows "finite (set_pmf M) ⟹ integrable M f"
  by (auto intro!: integrableI_bounded simp: nn_integral_measure_pmf_finite ennreal_mult_less_top)

lemma integral_measure_pmf:
  assumes [simp]: "finite A" and "⋀a. a ∈ set_pmf M ⟹ f a ≠ 0 ⟹ a ∈ A"
  shows "(∫x. f x ∂measure_pmf M) = (∑a∈A. f a * pmf M a)"
proof -
  have "(∫x. f x ∂measure_pmf M) = (∫x. f x * indicator A x ∂measure_pmf M)"
    using assms(2) by (intro integral_cong_AE) (auto split: split_indicator simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff)
  also have "… = (∑a∈A. f a * pmf M a)"
    by (subst integral_indicator_finite_real)
       (auto simp: measure_def emeasure_measure_pmf_finite pmf_nonneg)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma integrable_pmf: "integrable (count_space X) (pmf M)"
proof -
  have " (∫+ x. pmf M x ∂count_space X) = (∫+ x. pmf M x ∂count_space (M ∩ X))"
    by (auto simp add: nn_integral_count_space_indicator set_pmf_iff intro!: nn_integral_cong split: split_indicator)
  then have "integrable (count_space X) (pmf M) = integrable (count_space (M ∩ X)) (pmf M)"
    by (simp add: integrable_iff_bounded pmf_nonneg)
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: pmf.rep_eq measure_pmf.integrable_measure disjoint_family_on_def)
qed

lemma integral_pmf: "(∫x. pmf M x ∂count_space X) = measure M X"
proof -
  have "(∫x. pmf M x ∂count_space X) = (∫+x. pmf M x ∂count_space X)"
    by (simp add: pmf_nonneg integrable_pmf nn_integral_eq_integral)
  also have "… = (∫+x. emeasure M {x} ∂count_space (X ∩ M))"
    by (auto intro!: nn_integral_cong_AE split: split_indicator
             simp: pmf.rep_eq measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_measure nn_integral_count_space_indicator
                   AE_count_space set_pmf_iff)
  also have "… = emeasure M (X ∩ M)"
    by (rule emeasure_countable_singleton[symmetric]) (auto intro: countable_set_pmf)
  also have "… = emeasure M X"
    by (auto intro!: emeasure_eq_AE simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff)
  finally show ?thesis
    by (simp add: measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_measure measure_nonneg integral_nonneg pmf_nonneg)
qed

lemma integral_pmf_restrict:
  "(f::'a ⇒ 'b::{banach, second_countable_topology}) ∈ borel_measurable (count_space UNIV) ⟹
    (∫x. f x ∂measure_pmf M) = (∫x. f x ∂restrict_space M M)"
  by (auto intro!: integral_cong_AE simp add: integral_restrict_space AE_measure_pmf_iff)

lemma emeasure_pmf: "emeasure (M::'a pmf) M = 1"
proof -
  have "emeasure (M::'a pmf) M = emeasure (M::'a pmf) (space M)"
    by (intro emeasure_eq_AE) (simp_all add: AE_measure_pmf)
  then show ?thesis
    using measure_pmf.emeasure_space_1 by simp
qed

lemma emeasure_pmf_UNIV [simp]: "emeasure (measure_pmf M) UNIV = 1"
using measure_pmf.emeasure_space_1[of M] by simp

lemma in_null_sets_measure_pmfI:
  "A ∩ set_pmf p = {} ⟹ A ∈ null_sets (measure_pmf p)"
using emeasure_eq_0_AE[where ?P="λx. x ∈ A" and M="measure_pmf p"]
by(auto simp add: null_sets_def AE_measure_pmf_iff)

lemma measure_subprob: "measure_pmf M ∈ space (subprob_algebra (count_space UNIV))"
  by (simp add: space_subprob_algebra subprob_space_measure_pmf)

subsection ‹ Monad Interpretation ›

lemma measurable_measure_pmf[measurable]:
  "(λx. measure_pmf (M x)) ∈ measurable (count_space UNIV) (subprob_algebra (count_space UNIV))"
  by (auto simp: space_subprob_algebra intro!: prob_space_imp_subprob_space) unfold_locales

lemma bind_measure_pmf_cong:
  assumes "⋀x. A x ∈ space (subprob_algebra N)" "⋀x. B x ∈ space (subprob_algebra N)"
  assumes "⋀i. i ∈ set_pmf x ⟹ A i = B i"
  shows "bind (measure_pmf x) A = bind (measure_pmf x) B"
proof (rule measure_eqI)
  show "sets (measure_pmf x ⤜ A) = sets (measure_pmf x ⤜ B)"
    using assms by (subst (1 2) sets_bind) (auto simp: space_subprob_algebra)
next
  fix X assume "X ∈ sets (measure_pmf x ⤜ A)"
  then have X: "X ∈ sets N"
    using assms by (subst (asm) sets_bind) (auto simp: space_subprob_algebra)
  show "emeasure (measure_pmf x ⤜ A) X = emeasure (measure_pmf x ⤜ B) X"
    using assms
    by (subst (1 2) emeasure_bind[where N=N, OF _ _ X])
       (auto intro!: nn_integral_cong_AE simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff)
qed

lift_definition bind_pmf :: "'a pmf ⇒ ('a ⇒ 'b pmf ) ⇒ 'b pmf" is bind
proof (clarify, intro conjI)
  fix f :: "'a measure" and g :: "'a ⇒ 'b measure"
  assume "prob_space f"
  then interpret f: prob_space f .
  assume "sets f = UNIV" and ae_f: "AE x in f. measure f {x} ≠ 0"
  then have s_f[simp]: "sets f = sets (count_space UNIV)"
    by simp
  assume g: "⋀x. prob_space (g x) ∧ sets (g x) = UNIV ∧ (AE y in g x. measure (g x) {y} ≠ 0)"
  then have g: "⋀x. prob_space (g x)" and s_g[simp]: "⋀x. sets (g x) = sets (count_space UNIV)"
    and ae_g: "⋀x. AE y in g x. measure (g x) {y} ≠ 0"
    by auto

  have [measurable]: "g ∈ measurable f (subprob_algebra (count_space UNIV))"
    by (auto simp: measurable_def space_subprob_algebra prob_space_imp_subprob_space g)

  show "prob_space (f ⤜ g)"
    using g by (intro f.prob_space_bind[where S="count_space UNIV"]) auto
  then interpret fg: prob_space "f ⤜ g" .
  show [simp]: "sets (f ⤜ g) = UNIV"
    using sets_eq_imp_space_eq[OF s_f]
    by (subst sets_bind[where N="count_space UNIV"]) auto
  show "AE x in f ⤜ g. measure (f ⤜ g) {x} ≠ 0"
    apply (simp add: fg.prob_eq_0 AE_bind[where B="count_space UNIV"])
    using ae_f
    apply eventually_elim
    using ae_g
    apply eventually_elim
    apply (auto dest: AE_measure_singleton)
    done
qed

lemma ennreal_pmf_bind: "pmf (bind_pmf N f) i = (∫+x. pmf (f x) i ∂measure_pmf N)"
  unfolding pmf.rep_eq bind_pmf.rep_eq
  by (auto simp: measure_pmf.measure_bind[where N="count_space UNIV"] measure_subprob measure_nonneg
           intro!: nn_integral_eq_integral[symmetric] measure_pmf.integrable_const_bound[where B=1])

lemma pmf_bind: "pmf (bind_pmf N f) i = (∫x. pmf (f x) i ∂measure_pmf N)"
  using ennreal_pmf_bind[of N f i]
  by (subst (asm) nn_integral_eq_integral)
     (auto simp: pmf_nonneg pmf_le_1 pmf_nonneg integral_nonneg
           intro!: nn_integral_eq_integral[symmetric] measure_pmf.integrable_const_bound[where B=1])

lemma bind_pmf_const[simp]: "bind_pmf M (λx. c) = c"
  by transfer (simp add: bind_const' prob_space_imp_subprob_space)

lemma set_bind_pmf[simp]: "set_pmf (bind_pmf M N) = (⋃M∈set_pmf M. set_pmf (N M))"
proof -
  have "set_pmf (bind_pmf M N) = {x. ennreal (pmf (bind_pmf M N) x) ≠ 0}"
    by (simp add: set_pmf_eq pmf_nonneg)
  also have "… = (⋃M∈set_pmf M. set_pmf (N M))"
    unfolding ennreal_pmf_bind
    by (subst nn_integral_0_iff_AE) (auto simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff pmf_nonneg set_pmf_eq)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma bind_pmf_cong:
  assumes "p = q"
  shows "(⋀x. x ∈ set_pmf q ⟹ f x = g x) ⟹ bind_pmf p f = bind_pmf q g"
  unfolding ‹p = q›[symmetric] measure_pmf_inject[symmetric] bind_pmf.rep_eq
  by (auto simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff Pi_iff space_subprob_algebra subprob_space_measure_pmf
                 sets_bind[where N="count_space UNIV"] emeasure_bind[where N="count_space UNIV"]
           intro!: nn_integral_cong_AE measure_eqI)

lemma bind_pmf_cong_simp:
  "p = q ⟹ (⋀x. x ∈ set_pmf q =simp=> f x = g x) ⟹ bind_pmf p f = bind_pmf q g"
  by (simp add: simp_implies_def cong: bind_pmf_cong)

lemma measure_pmf_bind: "measure_pmf (bind_pmf M f) = (measure_pmf M ⤜ (λx. measure_pmf (f x)))"
  by transfer simp

lemma nn_integral_bind_pmf[simp]: "(∫+x. f x ∂bind_pmf M N) = (∫+x. ∫+y. f y ∂N x ∂M)"
  using measurable_measure_pmf[of N]
  unfolding measure_pmf_bind
  apply (intro nn_integral_bind[where B="count_space UNIV"])
  apply auto
  done

lemma emeasure_bind_pmf[simp]: "emeasure (bind_pmf M N) X = (∫+x. emeasure (N x) X ∂M)"
  using measurable_measure_pmf[of N]
  unfolding measure_pmf_bind
  by (subst emeasure_bind[where N="count_space UNIV"]) auto

lift_definition return_pmf :: "'a ⇒ 'a pmf" is "return (count_space UNIV)"
  by (auto intro!: prob_space_return simp: AE_return measure_return)

lemma bind_return_pmf: "bind_pmf (return_pmf x) f = f x"
  by transfer
     (auto intro!: prob_space_imp_subprob_space bind_return[where N="count_space UNIV"]
           simp: space_subprob_algebra)

lemma set_return_pmf[simp]: "set_pmf (return_pmf x) = {x}"
  by transfer (auto simp add: measure_return split: split_indicator)

lemma bind_return_pmf': "bind_pmf N return_pmf = N"
proof (transfer, clarify)
  fix N :: "'a measure" assume "sets N = UNIV" then show "N ⤜ return (count_space UNIV) = N"
    by (subst return_sets_cong[where N=N]) (simp_all add: bind_return')
qed

lemma bind_assoc_pmf: "bind_pmf (bind_pmf A B) C = bind_pmf A (λx. bind_pmf (B x) C)"
  by transfer
     (auto intro!: bind_assoc[where N="count_space UNIV" and R="count_space UNIV"]
           simp: measurable_def space_subprob_algebra prob_space_imp_subprob_space)

definition "map_pmf f M = bind_pmf M (λx. return_pmf (f x))"

lemma map_bind_pmf: "map_pmf f (bind_pmf M g) = bind_pmf M (λx. map_pmf f (g x))"
  by (simp add: map_pmf_def bind_assoc_pmf)

lemma bind_map_pmf: "bind_pmf (map_pmf f M) g = bind_pmf M (λx. g (f x))"
  by (simp add: map_pmf_def bind_assoc_pmf bind_return_pmf)

lemma map_pmf_transfer[transfer_rule]:
  "rel_fun op = (rel_fun cr_pmf cr_pmf) (λf M. distr M (count_space UNIV) f) map_pmf"
proof -
  have "rel_fun op = (rel_fun pmf_as_measure.cr_pmf pmf_as_measure.cr_pmf)
     (λf M. M ⤜ (return (count_space UNIV) o f)) map_pmf"
    unfolding map_pmf_def[abs_def] comp_def by transfer_prover
  then show ?thesis
    by (force simp: rel_fun_def cr_pmf_def bind_return_distr)
qed

lemma map_pmf_rep_eq:
  "measure_pmf (map_pmf f M) = distr (measure_pmf M) (count_space UNIV) f"
  unfolding map_pmf_def bind_pmf.rep_eq comp_def return_pmf.rep_eq
  using bind_return_distr[of M f "count_space UNIV"] by (simp add: comp_def)

lemma map_pmf_id[simp]: "map_pmf id = id"
  by (rule, transfer) (auto simp: emeasure_distr measurable_def intro!: measure_eqI)

lemma map_pmf_ident[simp]: "map_pmf (λx. x) = (λx. x)"
  using map_pmf_id unfolding id_def .

lemma map_pmf_compose: "map_pmf (f ∘ g) = map_pmf f ∘ map_pmf g"
  by (rule, transfer) (simp add: distr_distr[symmetric, where N="count_space UNIV"] measurable_def)

lemma map_pmf_comp: "map_pmf f (map_pmf g M) = map_pmf (λx. f (g x)) M"
  using map_pmf_compose[of f g] by (simp add: comp_def)

lemma map_pmf_cong: "p = q ⟹ (⋀x. x ∈ set_pmf q ⟹ f x = g x) ⟹ map_pmf f p = map_pmf g q"
  unfolding map_pmf_def by (rule bind_pmf_cong) auto

lemma pmf_set_map: "set_pmf ∘ map_pmf f = op ` f ∘ set_pmf"
  by (auto simp add: comp_def fun_eq_iff map_pmf_def)

lemma set_map_pmf[simp]: "set_pmf (map_pmf f M) = f`set_pmf M"
  using pmf_set_map[of f] by (auto simp: comp_def fun_eq_iff)

lemma emeasure_map_pmf[simp]: "emeasure (map_pmf f M) X = emeasure M (f -` X)"
  unfolding map_pmf_rep_eq by (subst emeasure_distr) auto

lemma measure_map_pmf[simp]: "measure (map_pmf f M) X = measure M (f -` X)"
using emeasure_map_pmf[of f M X] by(simp add: measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_measure measure_nonneg)

lemma nn_integral_map_pmf[simp]: "(∫+x. f x ∂map_pmf g M) = (∫+x. f (g x) ∂M)"
  unfolding map_pmf_rep_eq by (intro nn_integral_distr) auto

lemma ennreal_pmf_map: "pmf (map_pmf f p) x = (∫+ y. indicator (f -` {x}) y ∂measure_pmf p)"
proof (transfer fixing: f x)
  fix p :: "'b measure"
  presume "prob_space p"
  then interpret prob_space p .
  presume "sets p = UNIV"
  then show "ennreal (measure (distr p (count_space UNIV) f) {x}) = integralN p (indicator (f -` {x}))"
    by(simp add: measure_distr measurable_def emeasure_eq_measure)
qed simp_all

lemma pmf_map: "pmf (map_pmf f p) x = measure p (f -` {x})"
proof (transfer fixing: f x)
  fix p :: "'b measure"
  presume "prob_space p"
  then interpret prob_space p .
  presume "sets p = UNIV"
  then show "measure (distr p (count_space UNIV) f) {x} = measure p (f -` {x})"
    by(simp add: measure_distr measurable_def emeasure_eq_measure)
qed simp_all

lemma nn_integral_pmf: "(∫+ x. pmf p x ∂count_space A) = emeasure (measure_pmf p) A"
proof -
  have "(∫+ x. pmf p x ∂count_space A) = (∫+ x. pmf p x ∂count_space (A ∩ set_pmf p))"
    by(auto simp add: nn_integral_count_space_indicator indicator_def set_pmf_iff intro: nn_integral_cong)
  also have "… = emeasure (measure_pmf p) (⋃x∈A ∩ set_pmf p. {x})"
    by(subst emeasure_UN_countable)(auto simp add: emeasure_pmf_single disjoint_family_on_def)
  also have "… = emeasure (measure_pmf p) ((⋃x∈A ∩ set_pmf p. {x}) ∪ {x. x ∈ A ∧ x ∉ set_pmf p})"
    by(rule emeasure_Un_null_set[symmetric])(auto intro: in_null_sets_measure_pmfI)
  also have "… = emeasure (measure_pmf p) A"
    by(auto intro: arg_cong2[where f=emeasure])
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma integral_map_pmf[simp]:
  fixes f :: "'a ⇒ 'b::{banach, second_countable_topology}"
  shows "integralL (map_pmf g p) f = integralL p (λx. f (g x))"
  by (simp add: integral_distr map_pmf_rep_eq)

lemma map_return_pmf [simp]: "map_pmf f (return_pmf x) = return_pmf (f x)"
  by transfer (simp add: distr_return)

lemma map_pmf_const[simp]: "map_pmf (λ_. c) M = return_pmf c"
  by transfer (auto simp: prob_space.distr_const)

lemma pmf_return [simp]: "pmf (return_pmf x) y = indicator {y} x"
  by transfer (simp add: measure_return)

lemma nn_integral_return_pmf[simp]: "0 ≤ f x ⟹ (∫+x. f x ∂return_pmf x) = f x"
  unfolding return_pmf.rep_eq by (intro nn_integral_return) auto

lemma emeasure_return_pmf[simp]: "emeasure (return_pmf x) X = indicator X x"
  unfolding return_pmf.rep_eq by (intro emeasure_return) auto

lemma return_pmf_inj[simp]: "return_pmf x = return_pmf y ⟷ x = y"
  by (metis insertI1 set_return_pmf singletonD)

lemma map_pmf_eq_return_pmf_iff:
  "map_pmf f p = return_pmf x ⟷ (∀y ∈ set_pmf p. f y = x)"
proof
  assume "map_pmf f p = return_pmf x"
  then have "set_pmf (map_pmf f p) = set_pmf (return_pmf x)" by simp
  then show "∀y ∈ set_pmf p. f y = x" by auto
next
  assume "∀y ∈ set_pmf p. f y = x"
  then show "map_pmf f p = return_pmf x"
    unfolding map_pmf_const[symmetric, of _ p] by (intro map_pmf_cong) auto
qed

definition "pair_pmf A B = bind_pmf A (λx. bind_pmf B (λy. return_pmf (x, y)))"

lemma pmf_pair: "pmf (pair_pmf M N) (a, b) = pmf M a * pmf N b"
  unfolding pair_pmf_def pmf_bind pmf_return
  apply (subst integral_measure_pmf[where A="{b}"])
  apply (auto simp: indicator_eq_0_iff)
  apply (subst integral_measure_pmf[where A="{a}"])
  apply (auto simp: indicator_eq_0_iff setsum_nonneg_eq_0_iff pmf_nonneg)
  done

lemma set_pair_pmf[simp]: "set_pmf (pair_pmf A B) = set_pmf A × set_pmf B"
  unfolding pair_pmf_def set_bind_pmf set_return_pmf by auto

lemma measure_pmf_in_subprob_space[measurable (raw)]:
  "measure_pmf M ∈ space (subprob_algebra (count_space UNIV))"
  by (simp add: space_subprob_algebra) intro_locales

lemma nn_integral_pair_pmf': "(∫+x. f x ∂pair_pmf A B) = (∫+a. ∫+b. f (a, b) ∂B ∂A)"
proof -
  have "(∫+x. f x ∂pair_pmf A B) = (∫+x. f x * indicator (A × B) x ∂pair_pmf A B)"
    by (auto simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff intro!: nn_integral_cong_AE)
  also have "… = (∫+a. ∫+b. f (a, b) * indicator (A × B) (a, b) ∂B ∂A)"
    by (simp add: pair_pmf_def)
  also have "… = (∫+a. ∫+b. f (a, b) ∂B ∂A)"
    by (auto intro!: nn_integral_cong_AE simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma bind_pair_pmf:
  assumes M[measurable]: "M ∈ measurable (count_space UNIV ⨂M count_space UNIV) (subprob_algebra N)"
  shows "measure_pmf (pair_pmf A B) ⤜ M = (measure_pmf A ⤜ (λx. measure_pmf B ⤜ (λy. M (x, y))))"
    (is "?L = ?R")
proof (rule measure_eqI)
  have M'[measurable]: "M ∈ measurable (pair_pmf A B) (subprob_algebra N)"
    using M[THEN measurable_space] by (simp_all add: space_pair_measure)

  note measurable_bind[where N="count_space UNIV", measurable]
  note measure_pmf_in_subprob_space[simp]

  have sets_eq_N: "sets ?L = N"
    by (subst sets_bind[OF sets_kernel[OF M']]) auto
  show "sets ?L = sets ?R"
    using measurable_space[OF M]
    by (simp add: sets_eq_N space_pair_measure space_subprob_algebra)
  fix X assume "X ∈ sets ?L"
  then have X[measurable]: "X ∈ sets N"
    unfolding sets_eq_N .
  then show "emeasure ?L X = emeasure ?R X"
    apply (simp add: emeasure_bind[OF _ M' X])
    apply (simp add: nn_integral_bind[where B="count_space UNIV"] pair_pmf_def measure_pmf_bind[of A]
                     nn_integral_measure_pmf_finite)
    apply (subst emeasure_bind[OF _ _ X])
    apply measurable
    apply (subst emeasure_bind[OF _ _ X])
    apply measurable
    done
qed

lemma map_fst_pair_pmf: "map_pmf fst (pair_pmf A B) = A"
  by (simp add: pair_pmf_def map_pmf_def bind_assoc_pmf bind_return_pmf bind_return_pmf')

lemma map_snd_pair_pmf: "map_pmf snd (pair_pmf A B) = B"
  by (simp add: pair_pmf_def map_pmf_def bind_assoc_pmf bind_return_pmf bind_return_pmf')

lemma nn_integral_pmf':
  "inj_on f A ⟹ (∫+x. pmf p (f x) ∂count_space A) = emeasure p (f ` A)"
  by (subst nn_integral_bij_count_space[where g=f and B="f`A"])
     (auto simp: bij_betw_def nn_integral_pmf)

lemma pmf_le_0_iff[simp]: "pmf M p ≤ 0 ⟷ pmf M p = 0"
  using pmf_nonneg[of M p] by arith

lemma min_pmf_0[simp]: "min (pmf M p) 0 = 0" "min 0 (pmf M p) = 0"
  using pmf_nonneg[of M p] by arith+

lemma pmf_eq_0_set_pmf: "pmf M p = 0 ⟷ p ∉ set_pmf M"
  unfolding set_pmf_iff by simp

lemma pmf_map_inj: "inj_on f (set_pmf M) ⟹ x ∈ set_pmf M ⟹ pmf (map_pmf f M) (f x) = pmf M x"
  by (auto simp: pmf.rep_eq map_pmf_rep_eq measure_distr AE_measure_pmf_iff inj_onD
           intro!: measure_pmf.finite_measure_eq_AE)

lemma pmf_map_inj': "inj f ⟹ pmf (map_pmf f M) (f x) = pmf M x"
apply(cases "x ∈ set_pmf M")
 apply(simp add: pmf_map_inj[OF subset_inj_on])
apply(simp add: pmf_eq_0_set_pmf[symmetric])
apply(auto simp add: pmf_eq_0_set_pmf dest: injD)
done

lemma pmf_map_outside: "x ∉ f ` set_pmf M ⟹ pmf (map_pmf f M) x = 0"
unfolding pmf_eq_0_set_pmf by simp

subsection ‹ PMFs as function ›

context
  fixes f :: "'a ⇒ real"
  assumes nonneg: "⋀x. 0 ≤ f x"
  assumes prob: "(∫+x. f x ∂count_space UNIV) = 1"
begin

lift_definition embed_pmf :: "'a pmf" is "density (count_space UNIV) (ennreal ∘ f)"
proof (intro conjI)
  have *[simp]: "⋀x y. ennreal (f y) * indicator {x} y = ennreal (f x) * indicator {x} y"
    by (simp split: split_indicator)
  show "AE x in density (count_space UNIV) (ennreal ∘ f).
    measure (density (count_space UNIV) (ennreal ∘ f)) {x} ≠ 0"
    by (simp add: AE_density nonneg measure_def emeasure_density max_def)
  show "prob_space (density (count_space UNIV) (ennreal ∘ f))"
    by standard (simp add: emeasure_density prob)
qed simp

lemma pmf_embed_pmf: "pmf embed_pmf x = f x"
proof transfer
  have *[simp]: "⋀x y. ennreal (f y) * indicator {x} y = ennreal (f x) * indicator {x} y"
    by (simp split: split_indicator)
  fix x show "measure (density (count_space UNIV) (ennreal ∘ f)) {x} = f x"
    by transfer (simp add: measure_def emeasure_density nonneg max_def)
qed

lemma set_embed_pmf: "set_pmf embed_pmf = {x. f x ≠ 0}"
by(auto simp add: set_pmf_eq assms pmf_embed_pmf)

end

lemma embed_pmf_transfer:
  "rel_fun (eq_onp (λf. (∀x. 0 ≤ f x) ∧ (∫+x. ennreal (f x) ∂count_space UNIV) = 1)) pmf_as_measure.cr_pmf (λf. density (count_space UNIV) (ennreal ∘ f)) embed_pmf"
  by (auto simp: rel_fun_def eq_onp_def embed_pmf.transfer)

lemma measure_pmf_eq_density: "measure_pmf p = density (count_space UNIV) (pmf p)"
proof (transfer, elim conjE)
  fix M :: "'a measure" assume [simp]: "sets M = UNIV" and ae: "AE x in M. measure M {x} ≠ 0"
  assume "prob_space M" then interpret prob_space M .
  show "M = density (count_space UNIV) (λx. ennreal (measure M {x}))"
  proof (rule measure_eqI)
    fix A :: "'a set"
    have "(∫+ x. ennreal (measure M {x}) * indicator A x ∂count_space UNIV) =
      (∫+ x. emeasure M {x} * indicator (A ∩ {x. measure M {x} ≠ 0}) x ∂count_space UNIV)"
      by (auto intro!: nn_integral_cong simp: emeasure_eq_measure split: split_indicator)
    also have "… = (∫+ x. emeasure M {x} ∂count_space (A ∩ {x. measure M {x} ≠ 0}))"
      by (subst nn_integral_restrict_space[symmetric]) (auto simp: restrict_count_space)
    also have "… = emeasure M (⋃x∈(A ∩ {x. measure M {x} ≠ 0}). {x})"
      by (intro emeasure_UN_countable[symmetric] countable_Int2 countable_support)
         (auto simp: disjoint_family_on_def)
    also have "… = emeasure M A"
      using ae by (intro emeasure_eq_AE) auto
    finally show " emeasure M A = emeasure (density (count_space UNIV) (λx. ennreal (measure M {x}))) A"
      using emeasure_space_1 by (simp add: emeasure_density)
  qed simp
qed

lemma td_pmf_embed_pmf:
  "type_definition pmf embed_pmf {f::'a ⇒ real. (∀x. 0 ≤ f x) ∧ (∫+x. ennreal (f x) ∂count_space UNIV) = 1}"
  unfolding type_definition_def
proof safe
  fix p :: "'a pmf"
  have "(∫+ x. 1 ∂measure_pmf p) = 1"
    using measure_pmf.emeasure_space_1[of p] by simp
  then show *: "(∫+ x. ennreal (pmf p x) ∂count_space UNIV) = 1"
    by (simp add: measure_pmf_eq_density nn_integral_density pmf_nonneg del: nn_integral_const)

  show "embed_pmf (pmf p) = p"
    by (intro measure_pmf_inject[THEN iffD1])
       (simp add: * embed_pmf.rep_eq pmf_nonneg measure_pmf_eq_density[of p] comp_def)
next
  fix f :: "'a ⇒ real" assume "∀x. 0 ≤ f x" "(∫+x. f x ∂count_space UNIV) = 1"
  then show "pmf (embed_pmf f) = f"
    by (auto intro!: pmf_embed_pmf)
qed (rule pmf_nonneg)

end

lemma nn_integral_measure_pmf: "(∫+ x. f x ∂measure_pmf p) = ∫+ x. ennreal (pmf p x) * f x ∂count_space UNIV"
by(simp add: measure_pmf_eq_density nn_integral_density pmf_nonneg)

locale pmf_as_function
begin

setup_lifting td_pmf_embed_pmf

lemma set_pmf_transfer[transfer_rule]:
  assumes "bi_total A"
  shows "rel_fun (pcr_pmf A) (rel_set A) (λf. {x. f x ≠ 0}) set_pmf"
  using ‹bi_total A›
  by (auto simp: pcr_pmf_def cr_pmf_def rel_fun_def rel_set_def bi_total_def Bex_def set_pmf_iff)
     metis+

end

context
begin

interpretation pmf_as_function .

lemma pmf_eqI: "(⋀i. pmf M i = pmf N i) ⟹ M = N"
  by transfer auto

lemma pmf_eq_iff: "M = N ⟷ (∀i. pmf M i = pmf N i)"
  by (auto intro: pmf_eqI)

lemma bind_commute_pmf: "bind_pmf A (λx. bind_pmf B (C x)) = bind_pmf B (λy. bind_pmf A (λx. C x y))"
  unfolding pmf_eq_iff pmf_bind
proof
  fix i
  interpret B: prob_space "restrict_space B B"
    by (intro prob_space_restrict_space measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_1_AE)
       (auto simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff)
  interpret A: prob_space "restrict_space A A"
    by (intro prob_space_restrict_space measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_1_AE)
       (auto simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff)

  interpret AB: pair_prob_space "restrict_space A A" "restrict_space B B"
    by unfold_locales

  have "(∫ x. ∫ y. pmf (C x y) i ∂B ∂A) = (∫ x. (∫ y. pmf (C x y) i ∂restrict_space B B) ∂A)"
    by (rule integral_cong) (auto intro!: integral_pmf_restrict)
  also have "… = (∫ x. (∫ y. pmf (C x y) i ∂restrict_space B B) ∂restrict_space A A)"
    by (intro integral_pmf_restrict B.borel_measurable_lebesgue_integral measurable_pair_restrict_pmf2
              countable_set_pmf borel_measurable_count_space)
  also have "… = (∫ y. ∫ x. pmf (C x y) i ∂restrict_space A A ∂restrict_space B B)"
    by (rule AB.Fubini_integral[symmetric])
       (auto intro!: AB.integrable_const_bound[where B=1] measurable_pair_restrict_pmf2
             simp: pmf_nonneg pmf_le_1 measurable_restrict_space1)
  also have "… = (∫ y. ∫ x. pmf (C x y) i ∂restrict_space A A ∂B)"
    by (intro integral_pmf_restrict[symmetric] A.borel_measurable_lebesgue_integral measurable_pair_restrict_pmf2
              countable_set_pmf borel_measurable_count_space)
  also have "… = (∫ y. ∫ x. pmf (C x y) i ∂A ∂B)"
    by (rule integral_cong) (auto intro!: integral_pmf_restrict[symmetric])
  finally show "(∫ x. ∫ y. pmf (C x y) i ∂B ∂A) = (∫ y. ∫ x. pmf (C x y) i ∂A ∂B)" .
qed

lemma pair_map_pmf1: "pair_pmf (map_pmf f A) B = map_pmf (apfst f) (pair_pmf A B)"
proof (safe intro!: pmf_eqI)
  fix a :: "'a" and b :: "'b"
  have [simp]: "⋀c d. indicator (apfst f -` {(a, b)}) (c, d) = indicator (f -` {a}) c * (indicator {b} d::ennreal)"
    by (auto split: split_indicator)

  have "ennreal (pmf (pair_pmf (map_pmf f A) B) (a, b)) =
         ennreal (pmf (map_pmf (apfst f) (pair_pmf A B)) (a, b))"
    unfolding pmf_pair ennreal_pmf_map
    by (simp add: nn_integral_pair_pmf' max_def emeasure_pmf_single nn_integral_multc pmf_nonneg
                  emeasure_map_pmf[symmetric] ennreal_mult del: emeasure_map_pmf)
  then show "pmf (pair_pmf (map_pmf f A) B) (a, b) = pmf (map_pmf (apfst f) (pair_pmf A B)) (a, b)"
    by (simp add: pmf_nonneg)
qed

lemma pair_map_pmf2: "pair_pmf A (map_pmf f B) = map_pmf (apsnd f) (pair_pmf A B)"
proof (safe intro!: pmf_eqI)
  fix a :: "'a" and b :: "'b"
  have [simp]: "⋀c d. indicator (apsnd f -` {(a, b)}) (c, d) = indicator {a} c * (indicator (f -` {b}) d::ennreal)"
    by (auto split: split_indicator)

  have "ennreal (pmf (pair_pmf A (map_pmf f B)) (a, b)) =
         ennreal (pmf (map_pmf (apsnd f) (pair_pmf A B)) (a, b))"
    unfolding pmf_pair ennreal_pmf_map
    by (simp add: nn_integral_pair_pmf' max_def emeasure_pmf_single nn_integral_cmult nn_integral_multc pmf_nonneg
                  emeasure_map_pmf[symmetric] ennreal_mult del: emeasure_map_pmf)
  then show "pmf (pair_pmf A (map_pmf f B)) (a, b) = pmf (map_pmf (apsnd f) (pair_pmf A B)) (a, b)"
    by (simp add: pmf_nonneg)
qed

lemma map_pair: "map_pmf (λ(a, b). (f a, g b)) (pair_pmf A B) = pair_pmf (map_pmf f A) (map_pmf g B)"
  by (simp add: pair_map_pmf2 pair_map_pmf1 map_pmf_comp split_beta')

end

lemma pair_return_pmf1: "pair_pmf (return_pmf x) y = map_pmf (Pair x) y"
by(simp add: pair_pmf_def bind_return_pmf map_pmf_def)

lemma pair_return_pmf2: "pair_pmf x (return_pmf y) = map_pmf (λx. (x, y)) x"
by(simp add: pair_pmf_def bind_return_pmf map_pmf_def)

lemma pair_pair_pmf: "pair_pmf (pair_pmf u v) w = map_pmf (λ(x, (y, z)). ((x, y), z)) (pair_pmf u (pair_pmf v w))"
by(simp add: pair_pmf_def bind_return_pmf map_pmf_def bind_assoc_pmf)

lemma pair_commute_pmf: "pair_pmf x y = map_pmf (λ(x, y). (y, x)) (pair_pmf y x)"
unfolding pair_pmf_def by(subst bind_commute_pmf)(simp add: map_pmf_def bind_assoc_pmf bind_return_pmf)

lemma set_pmf_subset_singleton: "set_pmf p ⊆ {x} ⟷ p = return_pmf x"
proof(intro iffI pmf_eqI)
  fix i
  assume x: "set_pmf p ⊆ {x}"
  hence *: "set_pmf p = {x}" using set_pmf_not_empty[of p] by auto
  have "ennreal (pmf p x) = ∫+ i. indicator {x} i ∂p" by(simp add: emeasure_pmf_single)
  also have "… = ∫+ i. 1 ∂p" by(rule nn_integral_cong_AE)(simp add: AE_measure_pmf_iff * )
  also have "… = 1" by simp
  finally show "pmf p i = pmf (return_pmf x) i" using x
    by(auto split: split_indicator simp add: pmf_eq_0_set_pmf)
qed auto

lemma bind_eq_return_pmf:
  "bind_pmf p f = return_pmf x ⟷ (∀y∈set_pmf p. f y = return_pmf x)"
  (is "?lhs ⟷ ?rhs")
proof(intro iffI strip)
  fix y
  assume y: "y ∈ set_pmf p"
  assume "?lhs"
  hence "set_pmf (bind_pmf p f) = {x}" by simp
  hence "(⋃y∈set_pmf p. set_pmf (f y)) = {x}" by simp
  hence "set_pmf (f y) ⊆ {x}" using y by auto
  thus "f y = return_pmf x" by(simp add: set_pmf_subset_singleton)
next
  assume *: ?rhs
  show ?lhs
  proof(rule pmf_eqI)
    fix i
    have "ennreal (pmf (bind_pmf p f) i) = ∫+ y. ennreal (pmf (f y) i) ∂p"
      by (simp add: ennreal_pmf_bind)
    also have "… = ∫+ y. ennreal (pmf (return_pmf x) i) ∂p"
      by(rule nn_integral_cong_AE)(simp add: AE_measure_pmf_iff * )
    also have "… = ennreal (pmf (return_pmf x) i)"
      by simp
    finally show "pmf (bind_pmf p f) i = pmf (return_pmf x) i"
      by (simp add: pmf_nonneg)
  qed
qed

lemma pmf_False_conv_True: "pmf p False = 1 - pmf p True"
proof -
  have "pmf p False + pmf p True = measure p {False} + measure p {True}"
    by(simp add: measure_pmf_single)
  also have "… = measure p ({False} ∪ {True})"
    by(subst measure_pmf.finite_measure_Union) simp_all
  also have "{False} ∪ {True} = space p" by auto
  finally show ?thesis by simp
qed

lemma pmf_True_conv_False: "pmf p True = 1 - pmf p False"
by(simp add: pmf_False_conv_True)

subsection ‹ Conditional Probabilities ›

lemma measure_pmf_zero_iff: "measure (measure_pmf p) s = 0 ⟷ set_pmf p ∩ s = {}"
  by (subst measure_pmf.prob_eq_0) (auto simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff)

context
  fixes p :: "'a pmf" and s :: "'a set"
  assumes not_empty: "set_pmf p ∩ s ≠ {}"
begin

interpretation pmf_as_measure .

lemma emeasure_measure_pmf_not_zero: "emeasure (measure_pmf p) s ≠ 0"
proof
  assume "emeasure (measure_pmf p) s = 0"
  then have "AE x in measure_pmf p. x ∉ s"
    by (rule AE_I[rotated]) auto
  with not_empty show False
    by (auto simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff)
qed

lemma measure_measure_pmf_not_zero: "measure (measure_pmf p) s ≠ 0"
  using emeasure_measure_pmf_not_zero by (simp add: measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_measure measure_nonneg)

lift_definition cond_pmf :: "'a pmf" is
  "uniform_measure (measure_pmf p) s"
proof (intro conjI)
  show "prob_space (uniform_measure (measure_pmf p) s)"
    by (intro prob_space_uniform_measure) (auto simp: emeasure_measure_pmf_not_zero)
  show "AE x in uniform_measure (measure_pmf p) s. measure (uniform_measure (measure_pmf p) s) {x} ≠ 0"
    by (simp add: emeasure_measure_pmf_not_zero measure_measure_pmf_not_zero AE_uniform_measure
                  AE_measure_pmf_iff set_pmf.rep_eq less_top[symmetric])
qed simp

lemma pmf_cond: "pmf cond_pmf x = (if x ∈ s then pmf p x / measure p s else 0)"
  by transfer (simp add: emeasure_measure_pmf_not_zero pmf.rep_eq)

lemma set_cond_pmf[simp]: "set_pmf cond_pmf = set_pmf p ∩ s"
  by (auto simp add: set_pmf_iff pmf_cond measure_measure_pmf_not_zero split: if_split_asm)

end

lemma cond_map_pmf:
  assumes "set_pmf p ∩ f -` s ≠ {}"
  shows "cond_pmf (map_pmf f p) s = map_pmf f (cond_pmf p (f -` s))"
proof -
  have *: "set_pmf (map_pmf f p) ∩ s ≠ {}"
    using assms by auto
  { fix x
    have "ennreal (pmf (map_pmf f (cond_pmf p (f -` s))) x) =
      emeasure p (f -` s ∩ f -` {x}) / emeasure p (f -` s)"
      unfolding ennreal_pmf_map cond_pmf.rep_eq[OF assms] by (simp add: nn_integral_uniform_measure)
    also have "f -` s ∩ f -` {x} = (if x ∈ s then f -` {x} else {})"
      by auto
    also have "emeasure p (if x ∈ s then f -` {x} else {}) / emeasure p (f -` s) =
      ennreal (pmf (cond_pmf (map_pmf f p) s) x)"
      using measure_measure_pmf_not_zero[OF *]
      by (simp add: pmf_cond[OF *] ennreal_pmf_map measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_measure
                    divide_ennreal pmf_nonneg measure_nonneg zero_less_measure_iff pmf_map)
    finally have "ennreal (pmf (cond_pmf (map_pmf f p) s) x) = ennreal (pmf (map_pmf f (cond_pmf p (f -` s))) x)"
      by simp }
  then show ?thesis
    by (intro pmf_eqI) (simp add: pmf_nonneg)
qed

lemma bind_cond_pmf_cancel:
  assumes [simp]: "⋀x. x ∈ set_pmf p ⟹ set_pmf q ∩ {y. R x y} ≠ {}"
  assumes [simp]: "⋀y. y ∈ set_pmf q ⟹ set_pmf p ∩ {x. R x y} ≠ {}"
  assumes [simp]: "⋀x y. x ∈ set_pmf p ⟹ y ∈ set_pmf q ⟹ R x y ⟹ measure q {y. R x y} = measure p {x. R x y}"
  shows "bind_pmf p (λx. cond_pmf q {y. R x y}) = q"
proof (rule pmf_eqI)
  fix i
  have "ennreal (pmf (bind_pmf p (λx. cond_pmf q {y. R x y})) i) =
    (∫+x. ennreal (pmf q i / measure p {x. R x i}) * ennreal (indicator {x. R x i} x) ∂p)"
    by (auto simp add: ennreal_pmf_bind AE_measure_pmf_iff pmf_cond pmf_eq_0_set_pmf pmf_nonneg measure_nonneg
             intro!: nn_integral_cong_AE)
  also have "… = (pmf q i * measure p {x. R x i}) / measure p {x. R x i}"
    by (simp add: pmf_nonneg measure_nonneg zero_ennreal_def[symmetric] ennreal_indicator
                  nn_integral_cmult measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_measure ennreal_mult[symmetric])
  also have "… = pmf q i"
    by (cases "pmf q i = 0")
       (simp_all add: pmf_eq_0_set_pmf measure_measure_pmf_not_zero pmf_nonneg)
  finally show "pmf (bind_pmf p (λx. cond_pmf q {y. R x y})) i = pmf q i"
    by (simp add: pmf_nonneg)
qed

subsection ‹ Relator ›

inductive rel_pmf :: "('a ⇒ 'b ⇒ bool) ⇒ 'a pmf ⇒ 'b pmf ⇒ bool"
for R p q
where
  "⟦ ⋀x y. (x, y) ∈ set_pmf pq ⟹ R x y;
     map_pmf fst pq = p; map_pmf snd pq = q ⟧
  ⟹ rel_pmf R p q"

lemma rel_pmfI:
  assumes R: "rel_set R (set_pmf p) (set_pmf q)"
  assumes eq: "⋀x y. x ∈ set_pmf p ⟹ y ∈ set_pmf q ⟹ R x y ⟹
    measure p {x. R x y} = measure q {y. R x y}"
  shows "rel_pmf R p q"
proof
  let ?pq = "bind_pmf p (λx. bind_pmf (cond_pmf q {y. R x y}) (λy. return_pmf (x, y)))"
  have "⋀x. x ∈ set_pmf p ⟹ set_pmf q ∩ {y. R x y} ≠ {}"
    using R by (auto simp: rel_set_def)
  then show "⋀x y. (x, y) ∈ set_pmf ?pq ⟹ R x y"
    by auto
  show "map_pmf fst ?pq = p"
    by (simp add: map_bind_pmf bind_return_pmf')

  show "map_pmf snd ?pq = q"
    using R eq
    apply (simp add: bind_cond_pmf_cancel map_bind_pmf bind_return_pmf')
    apply (rule bind_cond_pmf_cancel)
    apply (auto simp: rel_set_def)
    done
qed

lemma rel_pmf_imp_rel_set: "rel_pmf R p q ⟹ rel_set R (set_pmf p) (set_pmf q)"
  by (force simp add: rel_pmf.simps rel_set_def)

lemma rel_pmfD_measure:
  assumes rel_R: "rel_pmf R p q" and R: "⋀a b. R a b ⟹ R a y ⟷ R x b"
  assumes "x ∈ set_pmf p" "y ∈ set_pmf q"
  shows "measure p {x. R x y} = measure q {y. R x y}"
proof -
  from rel_R obtain pq where pq: "⋀x y. (x, y) ∈ set_pmf pq ⟹ R x y"
    and eq: "p = map_pmf fst pq" "q = map_pmf snd pq"
    by (auto elim: rel_pmf.cases)
  have "measure p {x. R x y} = measure pq {x. R (fst x) y}"
    by (simp add: eq map_pmf_rep_eq measure_distr)
  also have "… = measure pq {y. R x (snd y)}"
    by (intro measure_pmf.finite_measure_eq_AE)
       (auto simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff R dest!: pq)
  also have "… = measure q {y. R x y}"
    by (simp add: eq map_pmf_rep_eq measure_distr)
  finally show "measure p {x. R x y} = measure q {y. R x y}" .
qed

lemma rel_pmf_measureD:
  assumes "rel_pmf R p q"
  shows "measure (measure_pmf p) A ≤ measure (measure_pmf q) {y. ∃x∈A. R x y}" (is "?lhs ≤ ?rhs")
using assms
proof cases
  fix pq
  assume R: "⋀x y. (x, y) ∈ set_pmf pq ⟹ R x y"
    and p[symmetric]: "map_pmf fst pq = p"
    and q[symmetric]: "map_pmf snd pq = q"
  have "?lhs = measure (measure_pmf pq) (fst -` A)" by(simp add: p)
  also have "… ≤ measure (measure_pmf pq) {y. ∃x∈A. R x (snd y)}"
    by(rule measure_pmf.finite_measure_mono_AE)(auto 4 3 simp add: AE_measure_pmf_iff dest: R)
  also have "… = ?rhs" by(simp add: q)
  finally show ?thesis .
qed

lemma rel_pmf_iff_measure:
  assumes "symp R" "transp R"
  shows "rel_pmf R p q ⟷
    rel_set R (set_pmf p) (set_pmf q) ∧
    (∀x∈set_pmf p. ∀y∈set_pmf q. R x y ⟶ measure p {x. R x y} = measure q {y. R x y})"
  by (safe intro!: rel_pmf_imp_rel_set rel_pmfI)
     (auto intro!: rel_pmfD_measure dest: sympD[OF ‹symp R›] transpD[OF ‹transp R›])

lemma quotient_rel_set_disjoint:
  "equivp R ⟹ C ∈ UNIV // {(x, y). R x y} ⟹ rel_set R A B ⟹ A ∩ C = {} ⟷ B ∩ C = {}"
  using in_quotient_imp_closed[of UNIV "{(x, y). R x y}" C]
  by (auto 0 0 simp: equivp_equiv rel_set_def set_eq_iff elim: equivpE)
     (blast dest: equivp_symp)+

lemma quotientD: "equiv X R ⟹ A ∈ X // R ⟹ x ∈ A ⟹ A = R `` {x}"
  by (metis Image_singleton_iff equiv_class_eq_iff quotientE)

lemma rel_pmf_iff_equivp:
  assumes "equivp R"
  shows "rel_pmf R p q ⟷ (∀C∈UNIV // {(x, y). R x y}. measure p C = measure q C)"
    (is "_ ⟷   (∀C∈_//?R. _)")
proof (subst rel_pmf_iff_measure, safe)
  show "symp R" "transp R"
    using assms by (auto simp: equivp_reflp_symp_transp)
next
  fix C assume C: "C ∈ UNIV // ?R" and R: "rel_set R (set_pmf p) (set_pmf q)"
  assume eq: "∀x∈set_pmf p. ∀y∈set_pmf q. R x y ⟶ measure p {x. R x y} = measure q {y. R x y}"

  show "measure p C = measure q C"
  proof cases
    assume "p ∩ C = {}"
    moreover then have "q ∩ C = {}"
      using quotient_rel_set_disjoint[OF assms C R] by simp
    ultimately show ?thesis
      unfolding measure_pmf_zero_iff[symmetric] by simp
  next
    assume "p ∩ C ≠ {}"
    moreover then have "q ∩ C ≠ {}"
      using quotient_rel_set_disjoint[OF assms C R] by simp
    ultimately obtain x y where in_set: "x ∈ set_pmf p" "y ∈ set_pmf q" and in_C: "x ∈ C" "y ∈ C"
      by auto
    then have "R x y"
      using in_quotient_imp_in_rel[of UNIV ?R C x y] C assms
      by (simp add: equivp_equiv)
    with in_set eq have "measure p {x. R x y} = measure q {y. R x y}"
      by auto
    moreover have "{y. R x y} = C"
      using assms ‹x ∈ C› C quotientD[of UNIV ?R C x] by (simp add: equivp_equiv)
    moreover have "{x. R x y} = C"
      using assms ‹y ∈ C› C quotientD[of UNIV "?R" C y] sympD[of R]
      by (auto simp add: equivp_equiv elim: equivpE)
    ultimately show ?thesis
      by auto
  qed
next
  assume eq: "∀C∈UNIV // ?R. measure p C = measure q C"
  show "rel_set R (set_pmf p) (set_pmf q)"
    unfolding rel_set_def
  proof safe
    fix x assume x: "x ∈ set_pmf p"
    have "{y. R x y} ∈ UNIV // ?R"
      by (auto simp: quotient_def)
    with eq have *: "measure q {y. R x y} = measure p {y. R x y}"
      by auto
    have "measure q {y. R x y} ≠ 0"
      using x assms unfolding * by (auto simp: measure_pmf_zero_iff set_eq_iff dest: equivp_reflp)
    then show "∃y∈set_pmf q. R x y"
      unfolding measure_pmf_zero_iff by auto
  next
    fix y assume y: "y ∈ set_pmf q"
    have "{x. R x y} ∈ UNIV // ?R"
      using assms by (auto simp: quotient_def dest: equivp_symp)
    with eq have *: "measure p {x. R x y} = measure q {x. R x y}"
      by auto
    have "measure p {x. R x y} ≠ 0"
      using y assms unfolding * by (auto simp: measure_pmf_zero_iff set_eq_iff dest: equivp_reflp)
    then show "∃x∈set_pmf p. R x y"
      unfolding measure_pmf_zero_iff by auto
  qed

  fix x y assume "x ∈ set_pmf p" "y ∈ set_pmf q" "R x y"
  have "{y. R x y} ∈ UNIV // ?R" "{x. R x y} = {y. R x y}"
    using assms ‹R x y› by (auto simp: quotient_def dest: equivp_symp equivp_transp)
  with eq show "measure p {x. R x y} = measure q {y. R x y}"
    by auto
qed

bnf pmf: "'a pmf" map: map_pmf sets: set_pmf bd : "natLeq" rel: rel_pmf
proof -
  show "map_pmf id = id" by (rule map_pmf_id)
  show "⋀f g. map_pmf (f ∘ g) = map_pmf f ∘ map_pmf g" by (rule map_pmf_compose)
  show "⋀f g::'a ⇒ 'b. ⋀p. (⋀x. x ∈ set_pmf p ⟹ f x = g x) ⟹ map_pmf f p = map_pmf g p"
    by (intro map_pmf_cong refl)

  show "⋀f::'a ⇒ 'b. set_pmf ∘ map_pmf f = op ` f ∘ set_pmf"
    by (rule pmf_set_map)

  show "(card_of (set_pmf p), natLeq) ∈ ordLeq" for p :: "'s pmf"
  proof -
    have "(card_of (set_pmf p), card_of (UNIV :: nat set)) ∈ ordLeq"
      by (rule card_of_ordLeqI[where f="to_nat_on (set_pmf p)"])
         (auto intro: countable_set_pmf)
    also have "(card_of (UNIV :: nat set), natLeq) ∈ ordLeq"
      by (metis Field_natLeq card_of_least natLeq_Well_order)
    finally show ?thesis .
  qed

  show "⋀R. rel_pmf R = (λx y. ∃z. set_pmf z ⊆ {(x, y). R x y} ∧
    map_pmf fst z = x ∧ map_pmf snd z = y)"
     by (auto simp add: fun_eq_iff rel_pmf.simps)

  show "rel_pmf R OO rel_pmf S ≤ rel_pmf (R OO S)"
    for R :: "'a ⇒ 'b ⇒ bool" and S :: "'b ⇒ 'c ⇒ bool"
  proof -
    { fix p q r
      assume pq: "rel_pmf R p q"
        and qr:"rel_pmf S q r"
      from pq obtain pq where pq: "⋀x y. (x, y) ∈ set_pmf pq ⟹ R x y"
        and p: "p = map_pmf fst pq" and q: "q = map_pmf snd pq" by cases auto
      from qr obtain qr where qr: "⋀y z. (y, z) ∈ set_pmf qr ⟹ S y z"
        and q': "q = map_pmf fst qr" and r: "r = map_pmf snd qr" by cases auto

      def pr  "bind_pmf pq (λxy. bind_pmf (cond_pmf qr {yz. fst yz = snd xy}) (λyz. return_pmf (fst xy, snd yz)))"
      have pr_welldefined: "⋀y. y ∈ q ⟹ qr ∩ {yz. fst yz = y} ≠ {}"
        by (force simp: q')

      have "rel_pmf (R OO S) p r"
      proof (rule rel_pmf.intros)
        fix x z assume "(x, z) ∈ pr"
        then have "∃y. (x, y) ∈ pq ∧ (y, z) ∈ qr"
          by (auto simp: q pr_welldefined pr_def split_beta)
        with pq qr show "(R OO S) x z"
          by blast
      next
        have "map_pmf snd pr = map_pmf snd (bind_pmf q (λy. cond_pmf qr {yz. fst yz = y}))"
          by (simp add: pr_def q split_beta bind_map_pmf map_pmf_def[symmetric] map_bind_pmf map_pmf_comp)
        then show "map_pmf snd pr = r"
          unfolding r q' bind_map_pmf by (subst (asm) bind_cond_pmf_cancel) (auto simp: eq_commute)
      qed (simp add: pr_def map_bind_pmf split_beta map_pmf_def[symmetric] p map_pmf_comp)
    }
    then show ?thesis
      by(auto simp add: le_fun_def)
  qed
qed (fact natLeq_card_order natLeq_cinfinite)+

lemma map_pmf_idI: "(⋀x. x ∈ set_pmf p ⟹ f x = x) ⟹ map_pmf f p = p"
by(simp cong: pmf.map_cong)

lemma rel_pmf_conj[simp]:
  "rel_pmf (λx y. P ∧ Q x y) x y ⟷ P ∧ rel_pmf Q x y"
  "rel_pmf (λx y. Q x y ∧ P) x y ⟷ P ∧ rel_pmf Q x y"
  using set_pmf_not_empty by (fastforce simp: pmf.in_rel subset_eq)+

lemma rel_pmf_top[simp]: "rel_pmf top = top"
  by (auto simp: pmf.in_rel[abs_def] fun_eq_iff map_fst_pair_pmf map_snd_pair_pmf
           intro: exI[of _ "pair_pmf x y" for x y])

lemma rel_pmf_return_pmf1: "rel_pmf R (return_pmf x) M ⟷ (∀a∈M. R x a)"
proof safe
  fix a assume "a ∈ M" "rel_pmf R (return_pmf x) M"
  then obtain pq where *: "⋀a b. (a, b) ∈ set_pmf pq ⟹ R a b"
    and eq: "return_pmf x = map_pmf fst pq" "M = map_pmf snd pq"
    by (force elim: rel_pmf.cases)
  moreover have "set_pmf (return_pmf x) = {x}"
    by simp
  with ‹a ∈ M› have "(x, a) ∈ pq"
    by (force simp: eq)
  with * show "R x a"
    by auto
qed (auto intro!: rel_pmf.intros[where pq="pair_pmf (return_pmf x) M"]
          simp: map_fst_pair_pmf map_snd_pair_pmf)

lemma rel_pmf_return_pmf2: "rel_pmf R M (return_pmf x) ⟷ (∀a∈M. R a x)"
  by (subst pmf.rel_flip[symmetric]) (simp add: rel_pmf_return_pmf1)

lemma rel_return_pmf[simp]: "rel_pmf R (return_pmf x1) (return_pmf x2) = R x1 x2"
  unfolding rel_pmf_return_pmf2 set_return_pmf by simp

lemma rel_pmf_False[simp]: "rel_pmf (λx y. False) x y = False"
  unfolding pmf.in_rel fun_eq_iff using set_pmf_not_empty by fastforce

lemma rel_pmf_rel_prod:
  "rel_pmf (rel_prod R S) (pair_pmf A A') (pair_pmf B B') ⟷ rel_pmf R A B ∧ rel_pmf S A' B'"
proof safe
  assume "rel_pmf (rel_prod R S) (pair_pmf A A') (pair_pmf B B')"
  then obtain pq where pq: "⋀a b c d. ((a, c), (b, d)) ∈ set_pmf pq ⟹ R a b ∧ S c d"
    and eq: "map_pmf fst pq = pair_pmf A A'" "map_pmf snd pq = pair_pmf B B'"
    by (force elim: rel_pmf.cases)
  show "rel_pmf R A B"
  proof (rule rel_pmf.intros)
    let ?f = "λ(a, b). (fst a, fst b)"
    have [simp]: "(λx. fst (?f x)) = fst o fst" "(λx. snd (?f x)) = fst o snd"
      by auto

    show "map_pmf fst (map_pmf ?f pq) = A"
      by (simp add: map_pmf_comp pmf.map_comp[symmetric] eq map_fst_pair_pmf)
    show "map_pmf snd (map_pmf ?f pq) = B"
      by (simp add: map_pmf_comp pmf.map_comp[symmetric] eq map_fst_pair_pmf)

    fix a b assume "(a, b) ∈ set_pmf (map_pmf ?f pq)"
    then obtain c d where "((a, c), (b, d)) ∈ set_pmf pq"
      by auto
    from pq[OF this] show "R a b" ..
  qed
  show "rel_pmf S A' B'"
  proof (rule rel_pmf.intros)
    let ?f = "λ(a, b). (snd a, snd b)"
    have [simp]: "(λx. fst (?f x)) = snd o fst" "(λx. snd (?f x)) = snd o snd"
      by auto

    show "map_pmf fst (map_pmf ?f pq) = A'"
      by (simp add: map_pmf_comp pmf.map_comp[symmetric] eq map_snd_pair_pmf)
    show "map_pmf snd (map_pmf ?f pq) = B'"
      by (simp add: map_pmf_comp pmf.map_comp[symmetric] eq map_snd_pair_pmf)

    fix c d assume "(c, d) ∈ set_pmf (map_pmf ?f pq)"
    then obtain a b where "((a, c), (b, d)) ∈ set_pmf pq"
      by auto
    from pq[OF this] show "S c d" ..
  qed
next
  assume "rel_pmf R A B" "rel_pmf S A' B'"
  then obtain Rpq Spq
    where Rpq: "⋀a b. (a, b) ∈ set_pmf Rpq ⟹ R a b"
        "map_pmf fst Rpq = A" "map_pmf snd Rpq = B"
      and Spq: "⋀a b. (a, b) ∈ set_pmf Spq ⟹ S a b"
        "map_pmf fst Spq = A'" "map_pmf snd Spq = B'"
    by (force elim: rel_pmf.cases)

  let ?f = "(λ((a, c), (b, d)). ((a, b), (c, d)))"
  let ?pq = "map_pmf ?f (pair_pmf Rpq Spq)"
  have [simp]: "(λx. fst (?f x)) = (λ(a, b). (fst a, fst b))" "(λx. snd (?f x)) = (λ(a, b). (snd a, snd b))"
    by auto

  show "rel_pmf (rel_prod R S) (pair_pmf A A') (pair_pmf B B')"
    by (rule rel_pmf.intros[where pq="?pq"])
       (auto simp: map_snd_pair_pmf map_fst_pair_pmf map_pmf_comp Rpq Spq
                   map_pair)
qed

lemma rel_pmf_reflI:
  assumes "⋀x. x ∈ set_pmf p ⟹ P x x"
  shows "rel_pmf P p p"
  by (rule rel_pmf.intros[where pq="map_pmf (λx. (x, x)) p"])
     (auto simp add: pmf.map_comp o_def assms)

lemma rel_pmf_bij_betw:
  assumes f: "bij_betw f (set_pmf p) (set_pmf q)"
  and eq: "⋀x. x ∈ set_pmf p ⟹ pmf p x = pmf q (f x)"
  shows "rel_pmf (λx y. f x = y) p q"
proof(rule rel_pmf.intros)
  let ?pq = "map_pmf (λx. (x, f x)) p"
  show "map_pmf fst ?pq = p" by(simp add: pmf.map_comp o_def)

  have "map_pmf f p = q"
  proof(rule pmf_eqI)
    fix i
    show "pmf (map_pmf f p) i = pmf q i"
    proof(cases "i ∈ set_pmf q")
      case True
      with f obtain j where "i = f j" "j ∈ set_pmf p"
        by(auto simp add: bij_betw_def image_iff)
      thus ?thesis using f by(simp add: bij_betw_def pmf_map_inj eq)
    next
      case False thus ?thesis
        by(subst pmf_map_outside)(auto simp add: set_pmf_iff eq[symmetric])
    qed
  qed
  then show "map_pmf snd ?pq = q" by(simp add: pmf.map_comp o_def)
qed auto

context
begin

interpretation pmf_as_measure .

definition "join_pmf M = bind_pmf M (λx. x)"

lemma bind_eq_join_pmf: "bind_pmf M f = join_pmf (map_pmf f M)"
  unfolding join_pmf_def bind_map_pmf ..

lemma join_eq_bind_pmf: "join_pmf M = bind_pmf M id"
  by (simp add: join_pmf_def id_def)

lemma pmf_join: "pmf (join_pmf N) i = (∫M. pmf M i ∂measure_pmf N)"
  unfolding join_pmf_def pmf_bind ..

lemma ennreal_pmf_join: "ennreal (pmf (join_pmf N) i) = (∫+M. pmf M i ∂measure_pmf N)"
  unfolding join_pmf_def ennreal_pmf_bind ..

lemma set_pmf_join_pmf[simp]: "set_pmf (join_pmf f) = (⋃p∈set_pmf f. set_pmf p)"
  by (simp add: join_pmf_def)

lemma join_return_pmf: "join_pmf (return_pmf M) = M"
  by (simp add: integral_return pmf_eq_iff pmf_join return_pmf.rep_eq)

lemma map_join_pmf: "map_pmf f (join_pmf AA) = join_pmf (map_pmf (map_pmf f) AA)"
  by (simp add: join_pmf_def map_pmf_def bind_assoc_pmf bind_return_pmf)

lemma join_map_return_pmf: "join_pmf (map_pmf return_pmf A) = A"
  by (simp add: join_pmf_def map_pmf_def bind_assoc_pmf bind_return_pmf bind_return_pmf')

end

lemma rel_pmf_joinI:
  assumes "rel_pmf (rel_pmf P) p q"
  shows "rel_pmf P (join_pmf p) (join_pmf q)"
proof -
  from assms obtain pq where p: "p = map_pmf fst pq"
    and q: "q = map_pmf snd pq"
    and P: "⋀x y. (x, y) ∈ set_pmf pq ⟹ rel_pmf P x y"
    by cases auto
  from P obtain PQ
    where PQ: "⋀x y a b. ⟦ (x, y) ∈ set_pmf pq; (a, b) ∈ set_pmf (PQ x y) ⟧ ⟹ P a b"
    and x: "⋀x y. (x, y) ∈ set_pmf pq ⟹ map_pmf fst (PQ x y) = x"
    and y: "⋀x y. (x, y) ∈ set_pmf pq ⟹ map_pmf snd (PQ x y) = y"
    by(metis rel_pmf.simps)

  let ?r = "bind_pmf pq (λ(x, y). PQ x y)"
  have "⋀a b. (a, b) ∈ set_pmf ?r ⟹ P a b" by (auto intro: PQ)
  moreover have "map_pmf fst ?r = join_pmf p" "map_pmf snd ?r = join_pmf q"
    by (simp_all add: p q x y join_pmf_def map_bind_pmf bind_map_pmf split_def cong: bind_pmf_cong)
  ultimately show ?thesis ..
qed

lemma rel_pmf_bindI:
  assumes pq: "rel_pmf R p q"
  and fg: "⋀x y. R x y ⟹ rel_pmf P (f x) (g y)"
  shows "rel_pmf P (bind_pmf p f) (bind_pmf q g)"
  unfolding bind_eq_join_pmf
  by (rule rel_pmf_joinI)
     (auto simp add: pmf.rel_map intro: pmf.rel_mono[THEN le_funD, THEN le_funD, THEN le_boolD, THEN mp, OF _ pq] fg)

text ‹
  Proof that @{const rel_pmf} preserves orders.
  Antisymmetry proof follows Thm. 1 in N. Saheb-Djahromi, Cpo's of measures for nondeterminism,
  Theoretical Computer Science 12(1):19--37, 1980,
  @{url "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(80)90003-1"}
›

lemma
  assumes *: "rel_pmf R p q"
  and refl: "reflp R" and trans: "transp R"
  shows measure_Ici: "measure p {y. R x y} ≤ measure q {y. R x y}" (is ?thesis1)
  and measure_Ioi: "measure p {y. R x y ∧ ¬ R y x} ≤ measure q {y. R x y ∧ ¬ R y x}" (is ?thesis2)
proof -
  from * obtain pq
    where pq: "⋀x y. (x, y) ∈ set_pmf pq ⟹ R x y"
    and p: "p = map_pmf fst pq"
    and q: "q = map_pmf snd pq"
    by cases auto
  show ?thesis1 ?thesis2 unfolding p q map_pmf_rep_eq using refl trans
    by(auto 4 3 simp add: measure_distr reflpD AE_measure_pmf_iff intro!: measure_pmf.finite_measure_mono_AE dest!: pq elim: transpE)
qed

lemma rel_pmf_inf:
  fixes p q :: "'a pmf"
  assumes 1: "rel_pmf R p q"
  assumes 2: "rel_pmf R q p"
  and refl: "reflp R" and trans: "transp R"
  shows "rel_pmf (inf R R¯¯) p q"
proof (subst rel_pmf_iff_equivp, safe)
  show "equivp (inf R R¯¯)"
    using trans refl by (auto simp: equivp_reflp_symp_transp intro: sympI transpI reflpI dest: transpD reflpD)

  fix C assume "C ∈ UNIV // {(x, y). inf R R¯¯ x y}"
  then obtain x where C: "C = {y. R x y ∧ R y x}"
    by (auto elim: quotientE)

  let ?R = "λx y. R x y ∧ R y x"
  let ?μR = "λy. measure q {x. ?R x y}"
  have "measure p {y. ?R x y} = measure p ({y. R x y} - {y. R x y ∧ ¬ R y x})"
    by(auto intro!: arg_cong[where f="measure p"])
  also have "… = measure p {y. R x y} - measure p {y. R x y ∧ ¬ R y x}"
    by (rule measure_pmf.finite_measure_Diff) auto
  also have "measure p {y. R x y ∧ ¬ R y x} = measure q {y. R x y ∧ ¬ R y x}"
    using 1 2 refl trans by(auto intro!: Orderings.antisym measure_Ioi)
  also have "measure p {y. R x y} = measure q {y. R x y}"
    using 1 2 refl trans by(auto intro!: Orderings.antisym measure_Ici)
  also have "measure q {y. R x y} - measure q {y. R x y ∧ ¬ R y x} =
    measure q ({y. R x y} - {y. R x y ∧ ¬ R y x})"
    by(rule measure_pmf.finite_measure_Diff[symmetric]) auto
  also have "… = ?μR x"
    by(auto intro!: arg_cong[where f="measure q"])
  finally show "measure p C = measure q C"
    by (simp add: C conj_commute)
qed

lemma rel_pmf_antisym:
  fixes p q :: "'a pmf"
  assumes 1: "rel_pmf R p q"
  assumes 2: "rel_pmf R q p"
  and refl: "reflp R" and trans: "transp R" and antisym: "antisymP R"
  shows "p = q"
proof -
  from 1 2 refl trans have "rel_pmf (inf R R¯¯) p q" by(rule rel_pmf_inf)
  also have "inf R R¯¯ = op ="
    using refl antisym by (auto intro!: ext simp add: reflpD dest: antisymD)
  finally show ?thesis unfolding pmf.rel_eq .
qed

lemma reflp_rel_pmf: "reflp R ⟹ reflp (rel_pmf R)"
by(blast intro: reflpI rel_pmf_reflI reflpD)

lemma antisymP_rel_pmf:
  "⟦ reflp R; transp R; antisymP R ⟧
  ⟹ antisymP (rel_pmf R)"
by(rule antisymI)(blast intro: rel_pmf_antisym)

lemma transp_rel_pmf:
  assumes "transp R"
  shows "transp (rel_pmf R)"
proof (rule transpI)
  fix x y z
  assume "rel_pmf R x y" and "rel_pmf R y z"
  hence "rel_pmf (R OO R) x z" by (simp add: pmf.rel_compp relcompp.relcompI)
  thus "rel_pmf R x z"
    using assms by (metis (no_types) pmf.rel_mono rev_predicate2D transp_relcompp_less_eq)
qed

subsection ‹ Distributions ›

context
begin

interpretation pmf_as_function .

subsubsection ‹ Bernoulli Distribution ›

lift_definition bernoulli_pmf :: "real ⇒ bool pmf" is
  "λp b. ((λp. if b then p else 1 - p) ∘ min 1 ∘ max 0) p"
  by (auto simp: nn_integral_count_space_finite[where A="{False, True}"] UNIV_bool
           split: split_max split_min)

lemma pmf_bernoulli_True[simp]: "0 ≤ p ⟹ p ≤ 1 ⟹ pmf (bernoulli_pmf p) True = p"
  by transfer simp

lemma pmf_bernoulli_False[simp]: "0 ≤ p ⟹ p ≤ 1 ⟹ pmf (bernoulli_pmf p) False = 1 - p"
  by transfer simp

lemma set_pmf_bernoulli[simp]: "0 < p ⟹ p < 1 ⟹ set_pmf (bernoulli_pmf p) = UNIV"
  by (auto simp add: set_pmf_iff UNIV_bool)

lemma nn_integral_bernoulli_pmf[simp]:
  assumes [simp]: "0 ≤ p" "p ≤ 1" "⋀x. 0 ≤ f x"
  shows "(∫+x. f x ∂bernoulli_pmf p) = f True * p + f False * (1 - p)"
  by (subst nn_integral_measure_pmf_support[of UNIV])
     (auto simp: UNIV_bool field_simps)

lemma integral_bernoulli_pmf[simp]:
  assumes [simp]: "0 ≤ p" "p ≤ 1"
  shows "(∫x. f x ∂bernoulli_pmf p) = f True * p + f False * (1 - p)"
  by (subst integral_measure_pmf[of UNIV]) (auto simp: UNIV_bool)

lemma pmf_bernoulli_half [simp]: "pmf (bernoulli_pmf (1 / 2)) x = 1 / 2"
by(cases x) simp_all

lemma measure_pmf_bernoulli_half: "measure_pmf (bernoulli_pmf (1 / 2)) = uniform_count_measure UNIV"
  by (rule measure_eqI)
     (simp_all add: nn_integral_pmf[symmetric] emeasure_uniform_count_measure ennreal_divide_numeral[symmetric]
                    nn_integral_count_space_finite sets_uniform_count_measure divide_ennreal_def mult_ac
                    ennreal_of_nat_eq_real_of_nat)

subsubsection ‹ Geometric Distribution ›

context
  fixes p :: real assumes p[arith]: "0 < p" "p ≤ 1"
begin

lift_definition geometric_pmf :: "nat pmf" is "λn. (1 - p)^n * p"
proof
  have "(∑i. ennreal (p * (1 - p) ^ i)) = ennreal (p * (1 / (1 - (1 - p))))"
    by (intro suminf_ennreal_eq sums_mult geometric_sums) auto
  then show "(∫+ x. ennreal ((1 - p)^x * p) ∂count_space UNIV) = 1"
    by (simp add: nn_integral_count_space_nat field_simps)
qed simp

lemma pmf_geometric[simp]: "pmf geometric_pmf n = (1 - p)^n * p"
  by transfer rule

end

lemma set_pmf_geometric: "0 < p ⟹ p < 1 ⟹ set_pmf (geometric_pmf p) = UNIV"
  by (auto simp: set_pmf_iff)

subsubsection ‹ Uniform Multiset Distribution ›

context
  fixes M :: "'a multiset" assumes M_not_empty: "M ≠ {#}"
begin

lift_definition pmf_of_multiset :: "'a pmf" is "λx. count M x / size M"
proof
  show "(∫+ x. ennreal (real (count M x) / real (size M)) ∂count_space UNIV) = 1"
    using M_not_empty
    by (simp add: zero_less_divide_iff nn_integral_count_space nonempty_has_size
                  setsum_divide_distrib[symmetric])
       (auto simp: size_multiset_overloaded_eq intro!: setsum.cong)
qed simp

lemma pmf_of_multiset[simp]: "pmf pmf_of_multiset x = count M x / size M"
  by transfer rule

lemma set_pmf_of_multiset[simp]: "set_pmf pmf_of_multiset = set_mset M"
  by (auto simp: set_pmf_iff)

end

subsubsection ‹ Uniform Distribution ›

context
  fixes S :: "'a set" assumes S_not_empty: "S ≠ {}" and S_finite: "finite S"
begin

lift_definition pmf_of_set :: "'a pmf" is "λx. indicator S x / card S"
proof
  show "(∫+ x. ennreal (indicator S x / real (card S)) ∂count_space UNIV) = 1"
    using S_not_empty S_finite
    by (subst nn_integral_count_space'[of S])
       (auto simp: ennreal_of_nat_eq_real_of_nat ennreal_mult[symmetric])
qed simp

lemma pmf_of_set[simp]: "pmf pmf_of_set x = indicator S x / card S"
  by transfer rule

lemma set_pmf_of_set[simp]: "set_pmf pmf_of_set = S"
  using S_finite S_not_empty by (auto simp: set_pmf_iff)

lemma emeasure_pmf_of_set_space[simp]: "emeasure pmf_of_set S = 1"
  by (rule measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_1_AE) (auto simp: AE_measure_pmf_iff)

lemma nn_integral_pmf_of_set: "nn_integral (measure_pmf pmf_of_set) f = setsum f S / card S"
  by (subst nn_integral_measure_pmf_finite)
     (simp_all add: setsum_left_distrib[symmetric] card_gt_0_iff S_not_empty S_finite divide_ennreal_def
                divide_ennreal[symmetric] ennreal_of_nat_eq_real_of_nat[symmetric] ennreal_times_divide)

lemma integral_pmf_of_set: "integralL (measure_pmf pmf_of_set) f = setsum f S / card S"
  by (subst integral_measure_pmf[of S]) (auto simp: S_finite setsum_divide_distrib)

lemma emeasure_pmf_of_set: "emeasure (measure_pmf pmf_of_set) A = card (S ∩ A) / card S"
  by (subst nn_integral_indicator[symmetric], simp)
     (simp add: S_finite S_not_empty card_gt_0_iff indicator_def setsum.If_cases divide_ennreal
                ennreal_of_nat_eq_real_of_nat nn_integral_pmf_of_set)

lemma measure_pmf_of_set: "measure (measure_pmf pmf_of_set) A = card (S ∩ A) / card S"
  using emeasure_pmf_of_set[OF assms, of A]
  by (simp add: measure_nonneg measure_pmf.emeasure_eq_measure)

end

lemma pmf_of_set_singleton: "pmf_of_set {x} = return_pmf x"
by(rule pmf_eqI)(simp add: indicator_def)

lemma map_pmf_of_set_inj:
  assumes f: "inj_on f A"
  and [simp]: "A ≠ {}" "finite A"
  shows "map_pmf f (pmf_of_set A) = pmf_of_set (f ` A)" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof(rule pmf_eqI)
  fix i
  show "pmf ?lhs i = pmf ?rhs i"
  proof(cases "i ∈ f ` A")
    case True
    then obtain i' where "i = f i'" "i' ∈ A" by auto
    thus ?thesis using f by(simp add: card_image pmf_map_inj)
  next
    case False
    hence "pmf ?lhs i = 0" by(simp add: pmf_eq_0_set_pmf set_map_pmf)
    moreover have "pmf ?rhs i = 0" using False by simp
    ultimately show ?thesis by simp
  qed
qed

lemma bernoulli_pmf_half_conv_pmf_of_set: "bernoulli_pmf (1 / 2) = pmf_of_set UNIV"
  by (rule pmf_eqI) simp_all

subsubsection ‹ Poisson Distribution ›

context
  fixes rate :: real assumes rate_pos: "0 < rate"
begin

lift_definition poisson_pmf :: "nat pmf" is "λk. rate ^ k / fact k * exp (-rate)"
proof  (* by Manuel Eberl *)
  have summable: "summable (λx::nat. rate ^ x / fact x)" using summable_exp
    by (simp add: field_simps divide_inverse [symmetric])
  have "(∫+(x::nat). rate ^ x / fact x * exp (-rate) ∂count_space UNIV) =
          exp (-rate) * (∫+(x::nat). rate ^ x / fact x ∂count_space UNIV)"
    by (simp add: field_simps nn_integral_cmult[symmetric] ennreal_mult'[symmetric])
  also from rate_pos have "(∫+(x::nat). rate ^ x / fact x ∂count_space UNIV) = (∑x. rate ^ x / fact x)"
    by (simp_all add: nn_integral_count_space_nat suminf_ennreal summable ennreal_suminf_neq_top)
  also have "... = exp rate" unfolding exp_def
    by (simp add: field_simps divide_inverse [symmetric])
  also have "ennreal (exp (-rate)) * ennreal (exp rate) = 1"
    by (simp add: mult_exp_exp ennreal_mult[symmetric])
  finally show "(∫+ x. ennreal (rate ^ x / (fact x) * exp (- rate)) ∂count_space UNIV) = 1" .
qed (simp add: rate_pos[THEN less_imp_le])

lemma pmf_poisson[simp]: "pmf poisson_pmf k = rate ^ k / fact k * exp (-rate)"
  by transfer rule

lemma set_pmf_poisson[simp]: "set_pmf poisson_pmf = UNIV"
  using rate_pos by (auto simp: set_pmf_iff)

end

subsubsection ‹ Binomial Distribution ›

context
  fixes n :: nat and p :: real assumes p_nonneg: "0 ≤ p" and p_le_1: "p ≤ 1"
begin

lift_definition binomial_pmf :: "nat pmf" is "λk. (n choose k) * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k)"
proof
  have "(∫+k. ennreal (real (n choose k) * p ^ k * (1 - p) ^ (n - k)) ∂count_space UNIV) =
    ennreal (∑k≤n. real (n choose k) * p ^ k * (1 - p) ^ (n - k))"
    using p_le_1 p_nonneg by (subst nn_integral_count_space') auto
  also have "(∑k≤n. real (n choose k) * p ^ k * (1 - p) ^ (n - k)) = (p + (1 - p)) ^ n"
    by (subst binomial_ring) (simp add: atLeast0AtMost)
  finally show "(∫+ x. ennreal (real (n choose x) * p ^ x * (1 - p) ^ (n - x)) ∂count_space UNIV) = 1"
    by simp
qed (insert p_nonneg p_le_1, simp)

lemma pmf_binomial[simp]: "pmf binomial_pmf k = (n choose k) * p^k * (1 - p)^(n - k)"
  by transfer rule

lemma set_pmf_binomial_eq: "set_pmf binomial_pmf = (if p = 0 then {0} else if p = 1 then {n} else {.. n})"
  using p_nonneg p_le_1 unfolding set_eq_iff set_pmf_iff pmf_binomial by (auto simp: set_pmf_iff)

end

end

lemma set_pmf_binomial_0[simp]: "set_pmf (binomial_pmf n 0) = {0}"
  by (simp add: set_pmf_binomial_eq)

lemma set_pmf_binomial_1[simp]: "set_pmf (binomial_pmf n 1) = {n}"
  by (simp add: set_pmf_binomial_eq)

lemma set_pmf_binomial[simp]: "0 < p ⟹ p < 1 ⟹ set_pmf (binomial_pmf n p) = {..n}"
  by (simp add: set_pmf_binomial_eq)

context begin interpretation lifting_syntax .

lemma bind_pmf_parametric [transfer_rule]:
  "(rel_pmf A ===> (A ===> rel_pmf B) ===> rel_pmf B) bind_pmf bind_pmf"
by(blast intro: rel_pmf_bindI dest: rel_funD)

lemma return_pmf_parametric [transfer_rule]: "(A ===> rel_pmf A) return_pmf return_pmf"
by(rule rel_funI) simp

end

end