theory Ideal
imports Ring AbelCoset
begin
section ‹Ideals›
subsection ‹Definitions›
subsubsection ‹General definition›
locale ideal = additive_subgroup I R + ring R for I and R (structure) +
assumes I_l_closed: "⟦a ∈ I; x ∈ carrier R⟧ ⟹ x ⊗ a ∈ I"
and I_r_closed: "⟦a ∈ I; x ∈ carrier R⟧ ⟹ a ⊗ x ∈ I"
sublocale ideal ⊆ abelian_subgroup I R
apply (intro abelian_subgroupI3 abelian_group.intro)
apply (rule ideal.axioms, rule ideal_axioms)
apply (rule abelian_group.axioms, rule ring.axioms, rule ideal.axioms, rule ideal_axioms)
apply (rule abelian_group.axioms, rule ring.axioms, rule ideal.axioms, rule ideal_axioms)
done
lemma (in ideal) is_ideal: "ideal I R"
by (rule ideal_axioms)
lemma idealI:
fixes R (structure)
assumes "ring R"
assumes a_subgroup: "subgroup I ⦇carrier = carrier R, mult = add R, one = zero R⦈"
and I_l_closed: "⋀a x. ⟦a ∈ I; x ∈ carrier R⟧ ⟹ x ⊗ a ∈ I"
and I_r_closed: "⋀a x. ⟦a ∈ I; x ∈ carrier R⟧ ⟹ a ⊗ x ∈ I"
shows "ideal I R"
proof -
interpret ring R by fact
show ?thesis apply (intro ideal.intro ideal_axioms.intro additive_subgroupI)
apply (rule a_subgroup)
apply (rule is_ring)
apply (erule (1) I_l_closed)
apply (erule (1) I_r_closed)
done
qed
subsubsection (in ring) ‹Ideals Generated by a Subset of @{term "carrier R"}›
definition genideal :: "_ ⇒ 'a set ⇒ 'a set" ("Idlı _" [80] 79)
where "genideal R S = ⋂{I. ideal I R ∧ S ⊆ I}"
subsubsection ‹Principal Ideals›
locale principalideal = ideal +
assumes generate: "∃i ∈ carrier R. I = Idl {i}"
lemma (in principalideal) is_principalideal: "principalideal I R"
by (rule principalideal_axioms)
lemma principalidealI:
fixes R (structure)
assumes "ideal I R"
and generate: "∃i ∈ carrier R. I = Idl {i}"
shows "principalideal I R"
proof -
interpret ideal I R by fact
show ?thesis
by (intro principalideal.intro principalideal_axioms.intro)
(rule is_ideal, rule generate)
qed
subsubsection ‹Maximal Ideals›
locale maximalideal = ideal +
assumes I_notcarr: "carrier R ≠ I"
and I_maximal: "⟦ideal J R; I ⊆ J; J ⊆ carrier R⟧ ⟹ J = I ∨ J = carrier R"
lemma (in maximalideal) is_maximalideal: "maximalideal I R"
by (rule maximalideal_axioms)
lemma maximalidealI:
fixes R
assumes "ideal I R"
and I_notcarr: "carrier R ≠ I"
and I_maximal: "⋀J. ⟦ideal J R; I ⊆ J; J ⊆ carrier R⟧ ⟹ J = I ∨ J = carrier R"
shows "maximalideal I R"
proof -
interpret ideal I R by fact
show ?thesis
by (intro maximalideal.intro maximalideal_axioms.intro)
(rule is_ideal, rule I_notcarr, rule I_maximal)
qed
subsubsection ‹Prime Ideals›
locale primeideal = ideal + cring +
assumes I_notcarr: "carrier R ≠ I"
and I_prime: "⟦a ∈ carrier R; b ∈ carrier R; a ⊗ b ∈ I⟧ ⟹ a ∈ I ∨ b ∈ I"
lemma (in primeideal) is_primeideal: "primeideal I R"
by (rule primeideal_axioms)
lemma primeidealI:
fixes R (structure)
assumes "ideal I R"
and "cring R"
and I_notcarr: "carrier R ≠ I"
and I_prime: "⋀a b. ⟦a ∈ carrier R; b ∈ carrier R; a ⊗ b ∈ I⟧ ⟹ a ∈ I ∨ b ∈ I"
shows "primeideal I R"
proof -
interpret ideal I R by fact
interpret cring R by fact
show ?thesis
by (intro primeideal.intro primeideal_axioms.intro)
(rule is_ideal, rule is_cring, rule I_notcarr, rule I_prime)
qed
lemma primeidealI2:
fixes R (structure)
assumes "additive_subgroup I R"
and "cring R"
and I_l_closed: "⋀a x. ⟦a ∈ I; x ∈ carrier R⟧ ⟹ x ⊗ a ∈ I"
and I_r_closed: "⋀a x. ⟦a ∈ I; x ∈ carrier R⟧ ⟹ a ⊗ x ∈ I"
and I_notcarr: "carrier R ≠ I"
and I_prime: "⋀a b. ⟦a ∈ carrier R; b ∈ carrier R; a ⊗ b ∈ I⟧ ⟹ a ∈ I ∨ b ∈ I"
shows "primeideal I R"
proof -
interpret additive_subgroup I R by fact
interpret cring R by fact
show ?thesis apply (intro_locales)
apply (intro ideal_axioms.intro)
apply (erule (1) I_l_closed)
apply (erule (1) I_r_closed)
apply (intro primeideal_axioms.intro)
apply (rule I_notcarr)
apply (erule (2) I_prime)
done
qed
subsection ‹Special Ideals›
lemma (in ring) zeroideal: "ideal {𝟬} R"
apply (intro idealI subgroup.intro)
apply (rule is_ring)
apply simp+
apply (fold a_inv_def, simp)
apply simp+
done
lemma (in ring) oneideal: "ideal (carrier R) R"
by (rule idealI) (auto intro: is_ring add.subgroupI)
lemma (in "domain") zeroprimeideal: "primeideal {𝟬} R"
apply (intro primeidealI)
apply (rule zeroideal)
apply (rule domain.axioms, rule domain_axioms)
defer 1
apply (simp add: integral)
proof (rule ccontr, simp)
assume "carrier R = {𝟬}"
then have "𝟭 = 𝟬" by (rule one_zeroI)
with one_not_zero show False by simp
qed
subsection ‹General Ideal Properies›
lemma (in ideal) one_imp_carrier:
assumes I_one_closed: "𝟭 ∈ I"
shows "I = carrier R"
apply (rule)
apply (rule)
apply (rule a_Hcarr, simp)
proof
fix x
assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier R"
with I_one_closed have "x ⊗ 𝟭 ∈ I" by (intro I_l_closed)
with xcarr show "x ∈ I" by simp
qed
lemma (in ideal) Icarr:
assumes iI: "i ∈ I"
shows "i ∈ carrier R"
using iI by (rule a_Hcarr)
subsection ‹Intersection of Ideals›
paragraph ‹Intersection of two ideals›
text ‹The intersection of any two ideals is again an ideal in @{term R}›
lemma (in ring) i_intersect:
assumes "ideal I R"
assumes "ideal J R"
shows "ideal (I ∩ J) R"
proof -
interpret ideal I R by fact
interpret ideal J R by fact
show ?thesis
apply (intro idealI subgroup.intro)
apply (rule is_ring)
apply (force simp add: a_subset)
apply (simp add: a_inv_def[symmetric])
apply simp
apply (simp add: a_inv_def[symmetric])
apply (clarsimp, rule)
apply (fast intro: ideal.I_l_closed ideal.intro assms)+
apply (clarsimp, rule)
apply (fast intro: ideal.I_r_closed ideal.intro assms)+
done
qed
text ‹The intersection of any Number of Ideals is again
an Ideal in @{term R}›
lemma (in ring) i_Intersect:
assumes Sideals: "⋀I. I ∈ S ⟹ ideal I R"
and notempty: "S ≠ {}"
shows "ideal (⋂S) R"
apply (unfold_locales)
apply (simp_all add: Inter_eq)
apply rule unfolding mem_Collect_eq defer 1
apply rule defer 1
apply rule defer 1
apply (fold a_inv_def, rule) defer 1
apply rule defer 1
apply rule defer 1
proof -
fix x y
assume "∀I∈S. x ∈ I"
then have xI: "⋀I. I ∈ S ⟹ x ∈ I" by simp
assume "∀I∈S. y ∈ I"
then have yI: "⋀I. I ∈ S ⟹ y ∈ I" by simp
fix J
assume JS: "J ∈ S"
interpret ideal J R by (rule Sideals[OF JS])
from xI[OF JS] and yI[OF JS] show "x ⊕ y ∈ J" by (rule a_closed)
next
fix J
assume JS: "J ∈ S"
interpret ideal J R by (rule Sideals[OF JS])
show "𝟬 ∈ J" by simp
next
fix x
assume "∀I∈S. x ∈ I"
then have xI: "⋀I. I ∈ S ⟹ x ∈ I" by simp
fix J
assume JS: "J ∈ S"
interpret ideal J R by (rule Sideals[OF JS])
from xI[OF JS] show "⊖ x ∈ J" by (rule a_inv_closed)
next
fix x y
assume "∀I∈S. x ∈ I"
then have xI: "⋀I. I ∈ S ⟹ x ∈ I" by simp
assume ycarr: "y ∈ carrier R"
fix J
assume JS: "J ∈ S"
interpret ideal J R by (rule Sideals[OF JS])
from xI[OF JS] and ycarr show "y ⊗ x ∈ J" by (rule I_l_closed)
next
fix x y
assume "∀I∈S. x ∈ I"
then have xI: "⋀I. I ∈ S ⟹ x ∈ I" by simp
assume ycarr: "y ∈ carrier R"
fix J
assume JS: "J ∈ S"
interpret ideal J R by (rule Sideals[OF JS])
from xI[OF JS] and ycarr show "x ⊗ y ∈ J" by (rule I_r_closed)
next
fix x
assume "∀I∈S. x ∈ I"
then have xI: "⋀I. I ∈ S ⟹ x ∈ I" by simp
from notempty have "∃I0. I0 ∈ S" by blast
then obtain I0 where I0S: "I0 ∈ S" by auto
interpret ideal I0 R by (rule Sideals[OF I0S])
from xI[OF I0S] have "x ∈ I0" .
with a_subset show "x ∈ carrier R" by fast
next
qed
subsection ‹Addition of Ideals›
lemma (in ring) add_ideals:
assumes idealI: "ideal I R"
and idealJ: "ideal J R"
shows "ideal (I <+> J) R"
apply (rule ideal.intro)
apply (rule add_additive_subgroups)
apply (intro ideal.axioms[OF idealI])
apply (intro ideal.axioms[OF idealJ])
apply (rule is_ring)
apply (rule ideal_axioms.intro)
apply (simp add: set_add_defs, clarsimp) defer 1
apply (simp add: set_add_defs, clarsimp) defer 1
proof -
fix x i j
assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier R"
and iI: "i ∈ I"
and jJ: "j ∈ J"
from xcarr ideal.Icarr[OF idealI iI] ideal.Icarr[OF idealJ jJ]
have c: "(i ⊕ j) ⊗ x = (i ⊗ x) ⊕ (j ⊗ x)"
by algebra
from xcarr and iI have a: "i ⊗ x ∈ I"
by (simp add: ideal.I_r_closed[OF idealI])
from xcarr and jJ have b: "j ⊗ x ∈ J"
by (simp add: ideal.I_r_closed[OF idealJ])
from a b c show "∃ha∈I. ∃ka∈J. (i ⊕ j) ⊗ x = ha ⊕ ka"
by fast
next
fix x i j
assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier R"
and iI: "i ∈ I"
and jJ: "j ∈ J"
from xcarr ideal.Icarr[OF idealI iI] ideal.Icarr[OF idealJ jJ]
have c: "x ⊗ (i ⊕ j) = (x ⊗ i) ⊕ (x ⊗ j)" by algebra
from xcarr and iI have a: "x ⊗ i ∈ I"
by (simp add: ideal.I_l_closed[OF idealI])
from xcarr and jJ have b: "x ⊗ j ∈ J"
by (simp add: ideal.I_l_closed[OF idealJ])
from a b c show "∃ha∈I. ∃ka∈J. x ⊗ (i ⊕ j) = ha ⊕ ka"
by fast
qed
subsection (in ring) ‹Ideals generated by a subset of @{term "carrier R"}›
text ‹@{term genideal} generates an ideal›
lemma (in ring) genideal_ideal:
assumes Scarr: "S ⊆ carrier R"
shows "ideal (Idl S) R"
unfolding genideal_def
proof (rule i_Intersect, fast, simp)
from oneideal and Scarr
show "∃I. ideal I R ∧ S ≤ I" by fast
qed
lemma (in ring) genideal_self:
assumes "S ⊆ carrier R"
shows "S ⊆ Idl S"
unfolding genideal_def by fast
lemma (in ring) genideal_self':
assumes carr: "i ∈ carrier R"
shows "i ∈ Idl {i}"
proof -
from carr have "{i} ⊆ Idl {i}" by (fast intro!: genideal_self)
then show "i ∈ Idl {i}" by fast
qed
text ‹@{term genideal} generates the minimal ideal›
lemma (in ring) genideal_minimal:
assumes a: "ideal I R"
and b: "S ⊆ I"
shows "Idl S ⊆ I"
unfolding genideal_def by rule (elim InterD, simp add: a b)
text ‹Generated ideals and subsets›
lemma (in ring) Idl_subset_ideal:
assumes Iideal: "ideal I R"
and Hcarr: "H ⊆ carrier R"
shows "(Idl H ⊆ I) = (H ⊆ I)"
proof
assume a: "Idl H ⊆ I"
from Hcarr have "H ⊆ Idl H" by (rule genideal_self)
with a show "H ⊆ I" by simp
next
fix x
assume "H ⊆ I"
with Iideal have "I ∈ {I. ideal I R ∧ H ⊆ I}" by fast
then show "Idl H ⊆ I" unfolding genideal_def by fast
qed
lemma (in ring) subset_Idl_subset:
assumes Icarr: "I ⊆ carrier R"
and HI: "H ⊆ I"
shows "Idl H ⊆ Idl I"
proof -
from HI and genideal_self[OF Icarr] have HIdlI: "H ⊆ Idl I"
by fast
from Icarr have Iideal: "ideal (Idl I) R"
by (rule genideal_ideal)
from HI and Icarr have "H ⊆ carrier R"
by fast
with Iideal have "(H ⊆ Idl I) = (Idl H ⊆ Idl I)"
by (rule Idl_subset_ideal[symmetric])
with HIdlI show "Idl H ⊆ Idl I" by simp
qed
lemma (in ring) Idl_subset_ideal':
assumes acarr: "a ∈ carrier R" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier R"
shows "(Idl {a} ⊆ Idl {b}) = (a ∈ Idl {b})"
apply (subst Idl_subset_ideal[OF genideal_ideal[of "{b}"], of "{a}"])
apply (fast intro: bcarr, fast intro: acarr)
apply fast
done
lemma (in ring) genideal_zero: "Idl {𝟬} = {𝟬}"
apply rule
apply (rule genideal_minimal[OF zeroideal], simp)
apply (simp add: genideal_self')
done
lemma (in ring) genideal_one: "Idl {𝟭} = carrier R"
proof -
interpret ideal "Idl {𝟭}" "R" by (rule genideal_ideal) fast
show "Idl {𝟭} = carrier R"
apply (rule, rule a_subset)
apply (simp add: one_imp_carrier genideal_self')
done
qed
text ‹Generation of Principal Ideals in Commutative Rings›
definition cgenideal :: "_ ⇒ 'a ⇒ 'a set" ("PIdlı _" [80] 79)
where "cgenideal R a = {x ⊗⇘R⇙ a | x. x ∈ carrier R}"
text ‹genhideal (?) really generates an ideal›
lemma (in cring) cgenideal_ideal:
assumes acarr: "a ∈ carrier R"
shows "ideal (PIdl a) R"
apply (unfold cgenideal_def)
apply (rule idealI[OF is_ring])
apply (rule subgroup.intro)
apply simp_all
apply (blast intro: acarr)
apply clarsimp defer 1
defer 1
apply (fold a_inv_def, clarsimp) defer 1
apply clarsimp defer 1
apply clarsimp defer 1
proof -
fix x y
assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier R"
and ycarr: "y ∈ carrier R"
note carr = acarr xcarr ycarr
from carr have "x ⊗ a ⊕ y ⊗ a = (x ⊕ y) ⊗ a"
by (simp add: l_distr)
with carr show "∃z. x ⊗ a ⊕ y ⊗ a = z ⊗ a ∧ z ∈ carrier R"
by fast
next
from l_null[OF acarr, symmetric] and zero_closed
show "∃x. 𝟬 = x ⊗ a ∧ x ∈ carrier R" by fast
next
fix x
assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier R"
note carr = acarr xcarr
from carr have "⊖ (x ⊗ a) = (⊖ x) ⊗ a"
by (simp add: l_minus)
with carr show "∃z. ⊖ (x ⊗ a) = z ⊗ a ∧ z ∈ carrier R"
by fast
next
fix x y
assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier R"
and ycarr: "y ∈ carrier R"
note carr = acarr xcarr ycarr
from carr have "y ⊗ a ⊗ x = (y ⊗ x) ⊗ a"
by (simp add: m_assoc) (simp add: m_comm)
with carr show "∃z. y ⊗ a ⊗ x = z ⊗ a ∧ z ∈ carrier R"
by fast
next
fix x y
assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier R"
and ycarr: "y ∈ carrier R"
note carr = acarr xcarr ycarr
from carr have "x ⊗ (y ⊗ a) = (x ⊗ y) ⊗ a"
by (simp add: m_assoc)
with carr show "∃z. x ⊗ (y ⊗ a) = z ⊗ a ∧ z ∈ carrier R"
by fast
qed
lemma (in ring) cgenideal_self:
assumes icarr: "i ∈ carrier R"
shows "i ∈ PIdl i"
unfolding cgenideal_def
proof simp
from icarr have "i = 𝟭 ⊗ i"
by simp
with icarr show "∃x. i = x ⊗ i ∧ x ∈ carrier R"
by fast
qed
text ‹@{const "cgenideal"} is minimal›
lemma (in ring) cgenideal_minimal:
assumes "ideal J R"
assumes aJ: "a ∈ J"
shows "PIdl a ⊆ J"
proof -
interpret ideal J R by fact
show ?thesis
unfolding cgenideal_def
apply rule
apply clarify
using aJ
apply (erule I_l_closed)
done
qed
lemma (in cring) cgenideal_eq_genideal:
assumes icarr: "i ∈ carrier R"
shows "PIdl i = Idl {i}"
apply rule
apply (intro cgenideal_minimal)
apply (rule genideal_ideal, fast intro: icarr)
apply (rule genideal_self', fast intro: icarr)
apply (intro genideal_minimal)
apply (rule cgenideal_ideal [OF icarr])
apply (simp, rule cgenideal_self [OF icarr])
done
lemma (in cring) cgenideal_eq_rcos: "PIdl i = carrier R #> i"
unfolding cgenideal_def r_coset_def by fast
lemma (in cring) cgenideal_is_principalideal:
assumes icarr: "i ∈ carrier R"
shows "principalideal (PIdl i) R"
apply (rule principalidealI)
apply (rule cgenideal_ideal [OF icarr])
proof -
from icarr have "PIdl i = Idl {i}"
by (rule cgenideal_eq_genideal)
with icarr show "∃i'∈carrier R. PIdl i = Idl {i'}"
by fast
qed
subsection ‹Union of Ideals›
lemma (in ring) union_genideal:
assumes idealI: "ideal I R"
and idealJ: "ideal J R"
shows "Idl (I ∪ J) = I <+> J"
apply rule
apply (rule ring.genideal_minimal)
apply (rule is_ring)
apply (rule add_ideals[OF idealI idealJ])
apply (rule)
apply (simp add: set_add_defs) apply (elim disjE) defer 1 defer 1
apply (rule) apply (simp add: set_add_defs genideal_def) apply clarsimp defer 1
proof -
fix x
assume xI: "x ∈ I"
have ZJ: "𝟬 ∈ J"
by (intro additive_subgroup.zero_closed) (rule ideal.axioms[OF idealJ])
from ideal.Icarr[OF idealI xI] have "x = x ⊕ 𝟬"
by algebra
with xI and ZJ show "∃h∈I. ∃k∈J. x = h ⊕ k"
by fast
next
fix x
assume xJ: "x ∈ J"
have ZI: "𝟬 ∈ I"
by (intro additive_subgroup.zero_closed, rule ideal.axioms[OF idealI])
from ideal.Icarr[OF idealJ xJ] have "x = 𝟬 ⊕ x"
by algebra
with ZI and xJ show "∃h∈I. ∃k∈J. x = h ⊕ k"
by fast
next
fix i j K
assume iI: "i ∈ I"
and jJ: "j ∈ J"
and idealK: "ideal K R"
and IK: "I ⊆ K"
and JK: "J ⊆ K"
from iI and IK have iK: "i ∈ K" by fast
from jJ and JK have jK: "j ∈ K" by fast
from iK and jK show "i ⊕ j ∈ K"
by (intro additive_subgroup.a_closed) (rule ideal.axioms[OF idealK])
qed
subsection ‹Properties of Principal Ideals›
text ‹@{text "𝟬"} generates the zero ideal›
lemma (in ring) zero_genideal: "Idl {𝟬} = {𝟬}"
apply rule
apply (simp add: genideal_minimal zeroideal)
apply (fast intro!: genideal_self)
done
text ‹@{text "𝟭"} generates the unit ideal›
lemma (in ring) one_genideal: "Idl {𝟭} = carrier R"
proof -
have "𝟭 ∈ Idl {𝟭}"
by (simp add: genideal_self')
then show "Idl {𝟭} = carrier R"
by (intro ideal.one_imp_carrier) (fast intro: genideal_ideal)
qed
text ‹The zero ideal is a principal ideal›
corollary (in ring) zeropideal: "principalideal {𝟬} R"
apply (rule principalidealI)
apply (rule zeroideal)
apply (blast intro!: zero_genideal[symmetric])
done
text ‹The unit ideal is a principal ideal›
corollary (in ring) onepideal: "principalideal (carrier R) R"
apply (rule principalidealI)
apply (rule oneideal)
apply (blast intro!: one_genideal[symmetric])
done
text ‹Every principal ideal is a right coset of the carrier›
lemma (in principalideal) rcos_generate:
assumes "cring R"
shows "∃x∈I. I = carrier R #> x"
proof -
interpret cring R by fact
from generate obtain i where icarr: "i ∈ carrier R" and I1: "I = Idl {i}"
by fast+
from icarr and genideal_self[of "{i}"] have "i ∈ Idl {i}"
by fast
then have iI: "i ∈ I" by (simp add: I1)
from I1 icarr have I2: "I = PIdl i"
by (simp add: cgenideal_eq_genideal)
have "PIdl i = carrier R #> i"
unfolding cgenideal_def r_coset_def by fast
with I2 have "I = carrier R #> i"
by simp
with iI show "∃x∈I. I = carrier R #> x"
by fast
qed
subsection ‹Prime Ideals›
lemma (in ideal) primeidealCD:
assumes "cring R"
assumes notprime: "¬ primeideal I R"
shows "carrier R = I ∨ (∃a b. a ∈ carrier R ∧ b ∈ carrier R ∧ a ⊗ b ∈ I ∧ a ∉ I ∧ b ∉ I)"
proof (rule ccontr, clarsimp)
interpret cring R by fact
assume InR: "carrier R ≠ I"
and "∀a. a ∈ carrier R ⟶ (∀b. a ⊗ b ∈ I ⟶ b ∈ carrier R ⟶ a ∈ I ∨ b ∈ I)"
then have I_prime: "⋀ a b. ⟦a ∈ carrier R; b ∈ carrier R; a ⊗ b ∈ I⟧ ⟹ a ∈ I ∨ b ∈ I"
by simp
have "primeideal I R"
apply (rule primeideal.intro [OF is_ideal is_cring])
apply (rule primeideal_axioms.intro)
apply (rule InR)
apply (erule (2) I_prime)
done
with notprime show False by simp
qed
lemma (in ideal) primeidealCE:
assumes "cring R"
assumes notprime: "¬ primeideal I R"
obtains "carrier R = I"
| "∃a b. a ∈ carrier R ∧ b ∈ carrier R ∧ a ⊗ b ∈ I ∧ a ∉ I ∧ b ∉ I"
proof -
interpret R: cring R by fact
assume "carrier R = I ==> thesis"
and "∃a b. a ∈ carrier R ∧ b ∈ carrier R ∧ a ⊗ b ∈ I ∧ a ∉ I ∧ b ∉ I ⟹ thesis"
then show thesis using primeidealCD [OF R.is_cring notprime] by blast
qed
text ‹If @{text "{𝟬}"} is a prime ideal of a commutative ring, the ring is a domain›
lemma (in cring) zeroprimeideal_domainI:
assumes pi: "primeideal {𝟬} R"
shows "domain R"
apply (rule domain.intro, rule is_cring)
apply (rule domain_axioms.intro)
proof (rule ccontr, simp)
interpret primeideal "{𝟬}" "R" by (rule pi)
assume "𝟭 = 𝟬"
then have "carrier R = {𝟬}" by (rule one_zeroD)
from this[symmetric] and I_notcarr show False
by simp
next
interpret primeideal "{𝟬}" "R" by (rule pi)
fix a b
assume ab: "a ⊗ b = 𝟬" and carr: "a ∈ carrier R" "b ∈ carrier R"
from ab have abI: "a ⊗ b ∈ {𝟬}"
by fast
with carr have "a ∈ {𝟬} ∨ b ∈ {𝟬}"
by (rule I_prime)
then show "a = 𝟬 ∨ b = 𝟬" by simp
qed
corollary (in cring) domain_eq_zeroprimeideal: "domain R = primeideal {𝟬} R"
apply rule
apply (erule domain.zeroprimeideal)
apply (erule zeroprimeideal_domainI)
done
subsection ‹Maximal Ideals›
lemma (in ideal) helper_I_closed:
assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier R" "x ∈ carrier R" "y ∈ carrier R"
and axI: "a ⊗ x ∈ I"
shows "a ⊗ (x ⊗ y) ∈ I"
proof -
from axI and carr have "(a ⊗ x) ⊗ y ∈ I"
by (simp add: I_r_closed)
also from carr have "(a ⊗ x) ⊗ y = a ⊗ (x ⊗ y)"
by (simp add: m_assoc)
finally show "a ⊗ (x ⊗ y) ∈ I" .
qed
lemma (in ideal) helper_max_prime:
assumes "cring R"
assumes acarr: "a ∈ carrier R"
shows "ideal {x∈carrier R. a ⊗ x ∈ I} R"
proof -
interpret cring R by fact
show ?thesis apply (rule idealI)
apply (rule cring.axioms[OF is_cring])
apply (rule subgroup.intro)
apply (simp, fast)
apply clarsimp apply (simp add: r_distr acarr)
apply (simp add: acarr)
apply (simp add: a_inv_def[symmetric], clarify) defer 1
apply clarsimp defer 1
apply (fast intro!: helper_I_closed acarr)
proof -
fix x
assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier R"
and ax: "a ⊗ x ∈ I"
from ax and acarr xcarr
have "⊖(a ⊗ x) ∈ I" by simp
also from acarr xcarr
have "⊖(a ⊗ x) = a ⊗ (⊖x)" by algebra
finally show "a ⊗ (⊖x) ∈ I" .
from acarr have "a ⊗ 𝟬 = 𝟬" by simp
next
fix x y
assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier R"
and ycarr: "y ∈ carrier R"
and ayI: "a ⊗ y ∈ I"
from ayI and acarr xcarr ycarr have "a ⊗ (y ⊗ x) ∈ I"
by (simp add: helper_I_closed)
moreover
from xcarr ycarr have "y ⊗ x = x ⊗ y"
by (simp add: m_comm)
ultimately
show "a ⊗ (x ⊗ y) ∈ I" by simp
qed
qed
text ‹In a cring every maximal ideal is prime›
lemma (in cring) maximalideal_is_prime:
assumes "maximalideal I R"
shows "primeideal I R"
proof -
interpret maximalideal I R by fact
show ?thesis apply (rule ccontr)
apply (rule primeidealCE)
apply (rule is_cring)
apply assumption
apply (simp add: I_notcarr)
proof -
assume "∃a b. a ∈ carrier R ∧ b ∈ carrier R ∧ a ⊗ b ∈ I ∧ a ∉ I ∧ b ∉ I"
then obtain a b where
acarr: "a ∈ carrier R" and
bcarr: "b ∈ carrier R" and
abI: "a ⊗ b ∈ I" and
anI: "a ∉ I" and
bnI: "b ∉ I" by fast
def J ≡ "{x∈carrier R. a ⊗ x ∈ I}"
from is_cring and acarr have idealJ: "ideal J R"
unfolding J_def by (rule helper_max_prime)
have IsubJ: "I ⊆ J"
proof
fix x
assume xI: "x ∈ I"
with acarr have "a ⊗ x ∈ I"
by (intro I_l_closed)
with xI[THEN a_Hcarr] show "x ∈ J"
unfolding J_def by fast
qed
from abI and acarr bcarr have "b ∈ J"
unfolding J_def by fast
with bnI have JnI: "J ≠ I" by fast
from acarr
have "a = a ⊗ 𝟭" by algebra
with anI have "a ⊗ 𝟭 ∉ I" by simp
with one_closed have "𝟭 ∉ J"
unfolding J_def by fast
then have Jncarr: "J ≠ carrier R" by fast
interpret ideal J R by (rule idealJ)
have "J = I ∨ J = carrier R"
apply (intro I_maximal)
apply (rule idealJ)
apply (rule IsubJ)
apply (rule a_subset)
done
with JnI and Jncarr show False by simp
qed
qed
subsection ‹Derived Theorems›
--"A non-zero cring that has only the two trivial ideals is a field"
lemma (in cring) trivialideals_fieldI:
assumes carrnzero: "carrier R ≠ {𝟬}"
and haveideals: "{I. ideal I R} = {{𝟬}, carrier R}"
shows "field R"
apply (rule cring_fieldI)
apply (rule, rule, rule)
apply (erule Units_closed)
defer 1
apply rule
defer 1
proof (rule ccontr, simp)
assume zUnit: "𝟬 ∈ Units R"
then have a: "𝟬 ⊗ inv 𝟬 = 𝟭" by (rule Units_r_inv)
from zUnit have "𝟬 ⊗ inv 𝟬 = 𝟬"
by (intro l_null) (rule Units_inv_closed)
with a[symmetric] have "𝟭 = 𝟬" by simp
then have "carrier R = {𝟬}" by (rule one_zeroD)
with carrnzero show False by simp
next
fix x
assume xcarr': "x ∈ carrier R - {𝟬}"
then have xcarr: "x ∈ carrier R" by fast
from xcarr' have xnZ: "x ≠ 𝟬" by fast
from xcarr have xIdl: "ideal (PIdl x) R"
by (intro cgenideal_ideal) fast
from xcarr have "x ∈ PIdl x"
by (intro cgenideal_self) fast
with xnZ have "PIdl x ≠ {𝟬}" by fast
with haveideals have "PIdl x = carrier R"
by (blast intro!: xIdl)
then have "𝟭 ∈ PIdl x" by simp
then have "∃y. 𝟭 = y ⊗ x ∧ y ∈ carrier R"
unfolding cgenideal_def by blast
then obtain y where ycarr: " y ∈ carrier R" and ylinv: "𝟭 = y ⊗ x"
by fast+
from ylinv and xcarr ycarr have yrinv: "𝟭 = x ⊗ y"
by (simp add: m_comm)
from ycarr and ylinv[symmetric] and yrinv[symmetric]
have "∃y ∈ carrier R. y ⊗ x = 𝟭 ∧ x ⊗ y = 𝟭" by fast
with xcarr show "x ∈ Units R"
unfolding Units_def by fast
qed
lemma (in field) all_ideals: "{I. ideal I R} = {{𝟬}, carrier R}"
apply (rule, rule)
proof -
fix I
assume a: "I ∈ {I. ideal I R}"
then interpret ideal I R by simp
show "I ∈ {{𝟬}, carrier R}"
proof (cases "∃a. a ∈ I - {𝟬}")
case True
then obtain a where aI: "a ∈ I" and anZ: "a ≠ 𝟬"
by fast+
from aI[THEN a_Hcarr] anZ have aUnit: "a ∈ Units R"
by (simp add: field_Units)
then have a: "a ⊗ inv a = 𝟭" by (rule Units_r_inv)
from aI and aUnit have "a ⊗ inv a ∈ I"
by (simp add: I_r_closed del: Units_r_inv)
then have oneI: "𝟭 ∈ I" by (simp add: a[symmetric])
have "carrier R ⊆ I"
proof
fix x
assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier R"
with oneI have "𝟭 ⊗ x ∈ I" by (rule I_r_closed)
with xcarr show "x ∈ I" by simp
qed
with a_subset have "I = carrier R" by fast
then show "I ∈ {{𝟬}, carrier R}" by fast
next
case False
then have IZ: "⋀a. a ∈ I ⟹ a = 𝟬" by simp
have a: "I ⊆ {𝟬}"
proof
fix x
assume "x ∈ I"
then have "x = 𝟬" by (rule IZ)
then show "x ∈ {𝟬}" by fast
qed
have "𝟬 ∈ I" by simp
then have "{𝟬} ⊆ I" by fast
with a have "I = {𝟬}" by fast
then show "I ∈ {{𝟬}, carrier R}" by fast
qed
qed (simp add: zeroideal oneideal)
--"Jacobson Theorem 2.2"
lemma (in cring) trivialideals_eq_field:
assumes carrnzero: "carrier R ≠ {𝟬}"
shows "({I. ideal I R} = {{𝟬}, carrier R}) = field R"
by (fast intro!: trivialideals_fieldI[OF carrnzero] field.all_ideals)
text ‹Like zeroprimeideal for domains›
lemma (in field) zeromaximalideal: "maximalideal {𝟬} R"
apply (rule maximalidealI)
apply (rule zeroideal)
proof-
from one_not_zero have "𝟭 ∉ {𝟬}" by simp
with one_closed show "carrier R ≠ {𝟬}" by fast
next
fix J
assume Jideal: "ideal J R"
then have "J ∈ {I. ideal I R}" by fast
with all_ideals show "J = {𝟬} ∨ J = carrier R"
by simp
qed
lemma (in cring) zeromaximalideal_fieldI:
assumes zeromax: "maximalideal {𝟬} R"
shows "field R"
apply (rule trivialideals_fieldI, rule maximalideal.I_notcarr[OF zeromax])
apply rule apply clarsimp defer 1
apply (simp add: zeroideal oneideal)
proof -
fix J
assume Jn0: "J ≠ {𝟬}"
and idealJ: "ideal J R"
interpret ideal J R by (rule idealJ)
have "{𝟬} ⊆ J" by (rule ccontr) simp
from zeromax and idealJ and this and a_subset
have "J = {𝟬} ∨ J = carrier R"
by (rule maximalideal.I_maximal)
with Jn0 show "J = carrier R"
by simp
qed
lemma (in cring) zeromaximalideal_eq_field: "maximalideal {𝟬} R = field R"
apply rule
apply (erule zeromaximalideal_fieldI)
apply (erule field.zeromaximalideal)
done
end